肠杆菌发酵对烟草浸膏化学成分及卷烟品质的影响

利用一株肠杆菌发酵烟草浸提液,经发酵、浓缩制备烟草浸膏。采用连续流动法分析发酵前后浸提液化学成分变化;通过GC-MS分析发酵浸膏的香味成分及其应用于卷烟后对感官和烟气香味成分的影响。结果表明：经发酵后浸提液中蛋白质、淀粉、半乳糖醛酸、总植物碱、氨基酸总含量分别降低28.95%,19.44%,18.91%,3.71%,37.45%;经浓缩制备的发酵浸膏具有典型的清甜香风味,且茄酮、β-大马酮、巨豆三烯酮等烟草特征香味成分明显增加;在卷烟中应用该发酵浸膏,烟气中的金合欢醇、β-紫罗兰醇、糠醇、糠醛等具有甜香风味的香味成分有所提高,感官质量得到明显提升。     

类芽孢杆菌发酵原料浸提液提升再造烟叶品质

为提升再造烟叶品质,利用烟草中分离的类芽孢杆菌制备静息细胞,对再造烟叶原料浸提液进行发酵处理;采用连续流动分析、气质联用仪（GC-MS）、热裂解-气相色谱质谱（Py-GC/MS）等方法,测定了发酵过程中浸提液中蛋白质、还原糖、氨基酸含量变化;分析了其主要挥发性香味成分;并利用发酵浸提液浓缩涂布制备再造烟叶样品,进行热裂解产物分析和感官评价。结果表明:①发酵浸提液和对照组中的蛋白质、还原糖含量在5 h内持续减少,而氨基酸含量先增高后降低,且发酵浸提液的蛋白质、还原糖含量低于对照,氨基酸含量高于对照;②发酵液中香味物质种类和总量较对照组均有所增加,其中糠醛、糠酮等致香组分增幅明显;③对比再造烟叶裂解产物,发现发酵浸提液浓缩后涂布样品裂解产生的γ-丁内酯、2,3-二氢-5-甲基呋喃、糠醛等典型烟气致香组分提高;④发酵液浓缩后涂布的再造烟叶样品感官品质较对照样品明显提升。利用类芽孢杆菌发酵烟草浸提液,对于提升再造烟叶的感官品质具有促进作用。      

低次烟叶发酵制备烟草香料的研究

以低次烟叶为原材料,将其水提物,添加10%的葡萄糖,接种1%的金星产香酵母SP—3,灭菌后在30℃的条件下发酵7 d,制备出特色烟草浸膏.采用同时蒸馏萃取法萃取烟草浸膏的致香成分,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用进行分析.结果表明该特色烟草浸膏中有5-甲基糠醛、β-苯乙醇、乙酰基吡咯、巨豆三烯酮、3-甲基吲哚等特殊香味成分.在100 g烟丝中,添加0.01～0.05 g的特色烟草浸膏能与烟香谐调,增大香气量,烟气柔和细腻、余味纯净,比没有经过发酵的普通烟草浸膏的加香效果更好.     

生物制备全烟草组分再造烟叶及结构特性分析

为开发高性能加热卷烟用再造烟叶,利用烟草生物发酵获得的细菌纤维素(BC)及其发酵过程中的烟草浸提液和烟草滤渣,混合制备了基于全烟草组分的BC重组再造烟叶; 并将其与市售3种典型加热卷烟再造烟叶进行了对比,从外观形貌、微观结构、主要化学成分、热重性能、热裂解香味产物等方面进行了系统分析。结果表明:①BC重组再造烟叶具有良好的成型性,样品外观均匀,物理指标与市售产品中稠浆法再造烟叶接近; ②对比市售3种典型再造烟叶,BC重组再造烟叶具有相似的红外吸收特征峰,但是扫描电镜显示,BC重组再造烟叶结构致密,BC纤维直径分布在43.68~75.80 nm之间; ③BC重组再造烟叶总吸热量最大,为9.52 J·g-1; ④BC重组再造烟叶的水溶性总糖含量为6.17%,烟碱含量达13.17 mg·g-1,热裂解释放香味物质种类高达45种,其中酮醛类致香物质释放量明显高于对比样品。      

枇杷叶浸膏热裂解产物的研究

为了研究枇杷叶浸膏的热裂解产物对卷烟烟气成分的影响,采用在线热裂解-气相色谱/质谱联用技术(Py-GC/MS),研究枇杷叶浸膏在不同温度(300,600和900℃)下的热裂解行为,将热解产物直接引入气相色谱-质谱仪,用质谱法对裂解产物进行定性分析,并用面积归一法半定量分析。结果表明:枇杷叶浸膏裂解产物中主要包括醇类、酯类、酮类和有机酸等化学物质,其中含量较高的物质包括4-戊炔-1-醇,乙二酸和法呢醇等化合物,枇杷叶浸膏热裂解产生较多烟草中主要致香成分,包括β-甜没药烯、二氢猕猴桃内酯、糠醛、苄醇、巨豆三烯酮、2-乙酰基呋喃和棕榈酸等致香物质,这些物质有助于丰富卷烟香气,使烟气柔和。     

气相色谱-质谱/选择离子监测法分析烟草中的重要香味物质

采用优化的同时蒸馏萃取前处理方法,以乙酸苯乙酯为内标,对烟草中的致香物质进行了气相色谱-质谱/选择离子监测(GC-MS/SIM)分析,准确测定了卷烟中的吡啶、噻唑、吡咯等24种碱性香味成分和糠醛、糠醇、β-紫罗兰酮等34种中性香味成分。结果表明:中性香味成分的回收率为73.05%~97.35%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于10%,其中20种成分的回收率高于80%;碱性香味成分的回收率为71.49%~98.93%,其中22种成分的RSD小于10%,2-甲基吡嗪和四甲基吡嗪的RSD分别为14.96%和11.81%。     

基于雪茄烟叶残渣的美拉德反应香料制备及应用

目的:解决烟草提取物生产过程中产生的烟叶残渣再利用难题。方法:以雪茄烟叶残渣制备的水提物为原料,研究了氨基酸用量、反应时间对Maillard反应产物化学组成及卷烟感官质量的影响;并探讨了Maillard反应产物中的18种成分与卷烟感官指标的相关关系。结果:① 以感官为依据,基于雪茄烟草水提物Maillard反应的最佳条件为:水提物10.00 g、天冬氨酸0.74 g、谷氨酸0.08 g、葡萄糖0.50 g,温度110 ℃,反应时间3.0 h。② 与水提物相比,Maillard反应产物中5-羟甲基糠醛、羟基丙酮、糠醛、5-甲基糠醛、2-乙酰基吡咯、2,5-二甲酰基呋喃等的含量显著增加。③ 18种化合物中,2-乙酰基呋喃与细柔显著相关,3-羟基-2-丁酮、3-乙酰基吡啶与奶香显著和极显著相关,2-呋喃基羟基甲基酮、5-羟甲基糠醛和2,3-二氢-3,5-二羟基-6-甲基-4(H)-吡喃-4-酮与花香显著或极显著相关,而6-乙基-5,6-二氢-2H-吡喃-2-酮与杂气、刺激、苦味、干草香指标均显著负相关。结论:烟草水提物经Maillard反应处理后,香气特征成分含量增加,在卷烟中应用能起到增强烘焙香、焦香,强化雪茄风格特征的作用。     

溶剂萃取-中心切割多维色谱-质谱法测定烟草主要中性香味成分

采用溶剂萃取-中心切割多维气相色谱-质谱技术(MDGC/MS)建立了一种烟草主要中性香味成分的分析方法.0.5 g烟样经5 mL乙醚萃取和2 mL 5％H2SO4酸洗,静置过夜后萃取液用多维气相色谱-质谱分析;以甲基丁子香酚为内标,对茄酮、β-大马酮、香叶基丙酮、β-紫罗兰酮、巨豆三烯酮和二氢猕猴桃内酯等中性香味成分进行了定性定量测定,并与同时蒸馏萃取(SDE)-气质联用(GC/MS)法进行比较.结果表明:各待测组分检出限在0.02～0.18μg/mL之间,回收率为80.0％～ 123.4％,日内相对标准偏差≤7.5％.该方法快速、简便、准确,适用于烟草中性香味成分的批量测试.     

不同酶处理浓缩液对贵州烟草薄片品质的影响研究

分别利用中性蛋白酶、果胶酶、淀粉酶处理贵州地区来源原料制备的烟草薄片浓缩液,分析不同酶处理对浓缩液中常规化学成分及香味成分的影响;将酶处理后的浓缩液涂布于烟草薄片片基上,对其感官品质进行评价.结果表明:经中性蛋白酶处理的浓缩液中蛋白质、还原糖、总糖和氨基酸质量分数均大幅降低;新增4-环戊烯-1,3-二酮、β-紫罗兰酮等...     

白肋烟浸膏微波裂解产物分析研究

为研究白肋烟烟叶浸膏在裂解过程中的变化规律,建立一种微波裂解白肋烟叶浸膏的方法,以80%乙醇为溶剂浸提白肋烟烟叶制备浸膏,经过冷冻干燥处理后进行微波裂解处理并对其裂解产物进行气相色谱-质谱分析。结果表明:微波裂解时间为120s时,裂解产物中香味物质的数量及含量最高;微波裂解功率为900W时,裂解产物中香味物质的数量及含量最高;5次重复试验的组分峰面积RSD为2.61%,方法重复性良好;白肋烟浸膏裂解产物中,吡啶、吡咯、柠檬烯、甲基环戊烯醇酮、烟碱、β-紫罗兰酮等均为烟草中重要香味物质。     

Fiscal versus social responsibility: how Philip Morris shaped the public funds divestment debate

Calls for institutional investors to divest (sell off) tobacco stocks threaten the industry's share values, publicise its bad behaviour, and label it as a politically unacceptable ally. US tobacco control advocates began urging government investment and pension funds to divest as a matter of responsible social policy in 1990. Following the initiation of Medicaid recovery lawsuits in 1994, advocates highlighted the contradictions between state justice departments suing the industry, and state health departments expanding tobacco control programmes, while state treasurers invested in tobacco companies. Philip Morris (PM), the most exposed US company, led the divestment opposition, consistently framing the issue as one of responsible fiscal policy. It insisted that funds had to be managed for the exclusive interest of beneficiaries, not the public at large, and for high share returns above all. This paper uses tobacco industry documents to show how PM sought to frame both the rhetorical contents and the legal contexts of the divestment debate. While tobacco stock divestment was eventually limited to only seven (but highly visible) states, US advocates focused public attention on the issue in at least 18 others plus various local jurisdictions. This added to ongoing, effective campaigns to denormalise and delegitimise the tobacco industry, dividing it from key allies. Divestment as a delegitimisation tool could have both advantages and disadvantages as a tobacco control strategy in other countries.     

变频电机对密集烘烤烟叶质量的影响

为了解决密集烤房风机风速风量过大的问题,对密集烤房循环风机加装变频器,研究各烘烤阶段不同变频频率对烟叶烘烤质量的影响。结果表明,烘烤过程中烤房烟叶叶隙间风速能相对稳定在0.2～0.5 m/s范围内,变黄和定色时间整体拉长10 h,烟叶外观质量得到提高,橘黄烟和成熟度比例均提高7个百分点,疏松度增加4个百分点,烟叶内在化学成分得到改善,总糖和还原糖分别提高1.1个百分点和3个百分点,淀粉含量降低0.7个百分点,烟叶感官评吸质量明显转好。     

烟叶不同区位叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素分布特征的研究

为了进一步探讨烟叶不同区位品质特色形成的化学成分物质基础,以K326、云烟87和红大的B2F、C3F和X2F烟叶为研究对象,采用成分相近与最明显拐点相结合的方法,将同片烟叶划分为叶基、叶中和叶尖3个区位,研究了这3个区位叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素含量分布特征.结果表明,同片烟叶不同区位叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素含量分布特征因品种及其部位不同而有所差异.(1)红大中上部：叶中＞叶基＞叶尖,下部：叶尖＞叶中＞叶基;(2)K326上下部：叶尖＞叶中＞叶基,中部：叶中＞叶尖＞叶基;(3)云烟87上中部：叶中＞叶尖＞叶基,下部：叶中＞叶基＞叶尖.此进一步揭示了烟叶不同区位品质特色形成的原因,为科学合理地制定烟叶不同区位的分切、加工方案及应用提供了依据.     

烤烟中性致香物质在烘烤前后的差异分析

为探求烘烤过程对烤烟中性致香物质的影响,采用顶空固相微萃取-全二维飞行时间质谱联用法和半叶法研究了K326和南江3号烟叶中性致香物质种类、含量及其比例在烘烤前后的差异。结果表明:(1)多种香气物质在烘烤过程中发生了转化,有19种香气物质在烤后烟叶未检测到,但增加了36种香气物质。(2)烘烤后香气物质总量显著增加,且不同品种烤烟香气物质转化程度不同,K326的香气物质总量(不含新植二烯)显著高于南江3号。(3)烘烤后西柏烷类降解产物占中性致香物质总量的比例明显降低,而苯丙氨酸降解产物和类胡萝卜素降解产物所占比例明显提高。在烘烤过程中损失了醛、醇和酯类等19种香气物质,产生了类胡萝卜素降解产物、棕色化反应产物等36种香气物质。     

Observed smoking in cars: a method and differences by socioeconomic area

Objectives

To establish a reproducible method to estimate he point prevalence of smoking and second‐hand smoke (SHS) exposure in cars, and to compare this prevalence between two areas of contrasting socioeconomic status.

Method

A method involving two teams of observers was developed and evaluated. It involved observing 16 055 cars in Wellington, New Zealand. Two of the observation sites represented a high and a low area of deprivation (based on a neighbourhood deprivation index) and three were in the central city.

Results

A 4.1% point prevalence of smoking in cars was observed (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.8% to 4.4%). There was a higher prevalence of smoking in cars in the high deprivation area relative to the other sites, and particularly compared to the low deprivation area (rate ratio relative to the latter 3.2, 95% CI 2.6 to 4.0). Of cars with smoking, 23.7% had other occupants being exposed to SHS. Cars with smoking and other occupants were significantly more likely to have a window open (especially if the smoker was not the driver). The observation method developed was practical, and inter‐observer agreement was high (κ value for the “smoking seen in car” category 0.95).

Conclusions

Observational studies can be an effective way of investigating smoking in cars. The data from this survey suggest that smoking in cars occurs at a higher rate in relatively deprived populations and hence may contribute to health inequalities. Fortunately, there are a number of policy options for reducing SHS exposure in cars including mass media campaigns and laws for smoke‐free cars.     

硫酰氟对烟仓不同虫态烟草粉螟的熏杀效果

硫酰氟是国内外新推的一种安全、高效的害虫熏蒸剂。笔者采用薄膜密闭法,研究了硫酰氟对烟垛4 种虫态烟草粉螟的熏杀效果。研究结果表明,硫酰氟对4 种虫态烟草粉螟均具有很高的熏杀活性。用15 g/m³硫酰氟分别熏杀幼虫、蛹及成虫12 h,试虫的校正死亡率均为100.00%,以15 g/m³硫酰氟熏杀卵48 h,卵的校正死亡率为93.46%。4 种虫态的烟草粉螟以成虫和幼虫对硫酰氟的敏感性最高,蛹次之,卵的敏感性最低。硫酰氟可作为一种有效的熏蒸剂用于防治烟仓烟草粉螟。     

超声辅助溶剂法提取烟草精油粗提物的研究

对超声辅助溶剂法提取烟草精油粗提物的工艺进行研究。以烟草精油粗提物得率为指标,考察超声时间、超声功率、料液比、浸泡时间4个因素及其交互作用对超声辅助溶剂法提取烟草精油粗提物得率的影响以及最佳工艺条件。实验结果显示,超声功率是影响烟草精油粗提物得率的最主要因素,其次是料液比、超声功率和超声时间的交互作用,而超声时间及浸泡时间和超声时间的交互作用对得率几乎没有影响。超声辅助溶剂法提取烟草精油粗提物的最佳工艺条件是浸泡时间20min,超声功率70W,超声时间50min,料液比(g/mL)1:6,在此条件下烟草精油粗提物平均得率可达到3.863%。用GC-MS技术进行成分鉴定,共分离鉴定出47种化学成分,其中烟碱含量25.41%、新植二烯含量38.55%、寸拜醇含量13.82%。     

农杆菌介导转化黑曲霉条件优化及脂肪酶表达

优化了农杆菌介导转化黑曲霉的方法,优化条件包括共培养材料、农杆菌种类、诱导剂浓度、共培养时间、共培养温度以及共培养时农杆菌的菌体浓度。结果表明,农杆菌介导转化黑曲霉的最适条件为107个/mL不萌发的新鲜孢子与OD_(600)培养至0.9～1.0的农杆菌以1∶1的比例混合后,在乙酰丁香酮浓度为200μmol/L的IM平板上,23℃避光培养48 h后进行转膜,转化子个数可达到(60±5)个转化子/10~6个孢子,且阳性率达到90%以上。并且构建了同源黑曲霉脂肪酶的组成型和诱导型启动子表达载体,通过优化后的农杆菌介导转化方法转化至黑曲霉中,利用罗丹明橄榄油平板对产酶转化子进行筛选鉴定,并获得了阳性克隆。     

Non-smokers seeking help for smokers: a preliminary study

Objectives

To examine the phenomenon of non‐smokers spontaneously taking action to seek help for smokers; to provide profiles of non‐smoking helpers by language and ethnic groups.

Setting

A large, statewide tobacco quitline (California Smokers'' Helpline) in operation since 1992 in California, providing free cessation services in English, Spanish, Mandarin, Cantonese, Korean, and Vietnamese.

Subjects

Callers between August 1992 and September 2005 who identified themselves as either white, black, Hispanic, American Indian, or Asian (n  =  349 110). A subset of these were “proxies”: callers seeking help for someone else. For more detailed analysis, n  =  2143 non‐smoking proxies calling from October 2004 through September 2005.

Main outcome measures

Proportions of proxies among all callers in each of seven language/ethnic groups; demographics of proxies; and proxies'' relationships to smokers on whose behalf they called.

Results

Over 22 000 non‐smoking proxies called. Proportions differed dramatically across language/ethnic groups, from mean (±95% confidence interval) 2.7 (0.3)% among English‐speaking American Indians through 9.3 (0.3)% among English‐speaking Hispanics to 35.3 (0.7)% among Asian‐speaking Asians. Beyond the differences in proportion, however, remarkable similarities emerged across all groups. Proxies were primarily women (79.2 (1.7)%), living in the same household as the smokers (65.0 (2.1)%), and having either explicit or implicit understandings with the smokers that calling on their behalf was acceptable (90.0 (1.3)%).

Conclusions

The willingness of non‐smokers to seek help for smokers holds promise for tobacco cessation and may help address ethnic and language disparities. Non‐smoking women in smokers'' households may be the first group to target.