玉米薄饼贮藏品质分析及货架期预测模型建立

为探索玉米薄饼贮藏品质变化规律,以玉米粉和小麦粉为原料制备韧性玉米薄饼,研究玉米薄饼贮藏14 d内感官品质、理化指标、微生物指标、质构及老化特性的变化,探讨影响玉米薄饼贮藏品质变化的主要因素,建立玉米薄饼货架期预测模型。结果表明：贮藏在4、25 ℃和40 ℃ 3 种温度条件下,玉米薄饼的酸值、过氧化值、菌落总数、热焓值、b*值随贮藏时间的延长逐渐增大;韧性、延展性、L*值、a*值、感官评分逐渐降低。通过相关性分析得出菌落总数可以作为反映玉米薄饼贮藏货架期的品质因子,建立不同温度条件下菌落总数生长动力学模型及随贮藏温度变化的动力学模型,其准确因子为1.126～1.281,偏差因子为0.899～1.051。在此基础上建立韧性玉米薄饼货架期预测模型,预测值和实际值的相对误差为－4.10%～2.91%,模型能够快速可靠地预测饼的货架期,可为玉米饼及相关制品的工业化生产提供技术和理论依据。     

冷却猪肉货架期预测模型建立及验证

建立针对不同贮藏温度下冷却猪肉的货架期预测模型,为猪肉贮藏和物流过程中品质评价、货架期预测提供技术支持。分析了0,2,4,6,8,10℃不同贮藏温度下猪肉的挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、pH值、色差(a*)、水分活度(Aw)与感官评定结果的相关性,利用一级反应动力学方程和Arrhenius方程求得TVB-N变化反应的活化能(E0)为87.19 kJ/mol,指前因子(k0)为2.169×1014,速率常数k为2.169×1014e-87190/RT,在此基础上建立了以TVBN为指标的冷却猪肉货架期预测模型。在0,4,8,10℃贮藏条件下对TVB-N预测模型进行验证,相对误差均小于10%,准确度和偏差度均为1.03,在可接受范围内。TVB-N是预测冷却猪肉货架期的有效指标,用其建立的货架期预测模型准确实用。     

油炸裹糊牡蛎贮藏品质的变化与货架期预测

为探讨油炸裹糊牡蛎的货架寿命,以感官评分、pH、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen, TVB-N）含量、菌落总数为指标,研究在4、15、25 ℃下贮藏的油炸裹糊牡蛎的品质变化规律,建立并验证油炸裹糊牡蛎在4～25 ℃贮藏温度下的货架期预测模型。结果表明:随贮藏时间的延长,油炸裹糊牡蛎的感官评分不断下降,pH呈先下降后上升的趋势,TVB-N含量和菌落总数不断增加,且贮藏温度越高,变化越快。感官评分与TVB-N含量的相关性较pH与菌落总数的高,以TVB-N含量作为关键品质指标,建立的油炸裹糊牡蛎货架期预测模型预测的货架期相对误差小于6%,可用于快速准确地预测4～25 ℃贮藏温度下油炸裹糊牡蛎的货架寿命。     

荸荠皮提取物对冷却猪肉保鲜效果的影响

为考察荸荠皮提取物对冷却猪肉货架期品质变化的影响,将冷却猪肉分别用0.2%,0.4%,0.6%和0.8%的荸荠皮提取液浸渍处理,并置于4℃贮藏,分别进行感官评价、理化(p H、TVB-N值、TBA值)及微生物(菌落总数)指标测定。结果表明,荸荠皮提取物对冷却猪肉具有明显的保鲜作用,能保持猪肉良好的感官品质,延缓各项指标的上升。0.8%的处理液保鲜效果最明显,能使猪肉的冷藏货架期延长至15 d。     

即食中华管鞭虾贮藏品质变化及其货架期研究

目的 探究贮藏期间,不同温度下(4、15、25和37℃)即食中华管鞭虾肌肉品质变化情况,并构建即食中华管鞭虾的货架期模型。方法 以即食中华管鞭虾为研究对象,测定不同温度下虾仁肌肉中挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen, TVB-N)含量、菌落总数、硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid, TBA)值、色差、pH、持水力和感官评分变化,以虾仁肌肉TVB-N构建货架期模型。结果 随着贮藏时间的延长,不同温度下贮藏的即食中华管鞭虾肌肉TVB-N含量、菌落总数、TBA值和b*值均呈上升趋势;肌肉pH呈先下降后上升趋势;肌肉L*值和感官评分呈下降趋势,且贮藏温度越高,即食中华管鞭虾虾仁肌肉品质劣化越快。此外,受贮藏温度影响,4和15℃贮藏的虾仁肌肉持水力呈先上升后下降的趋势,而25和37℃贮藏虾仁肌肉持水力呈下降趋势。采用Pearson相关系数分析,确定了TVB-N含量和菌落总数为虾仁肌肉品质变化的关键性因子,其变化特征符合一级动力学模型。Arrhenius方程结果显示,虾仁TVB-N值的拟合精度更高,用TVB-N值建立货架期模型结果更为准确。通过模型验证发现,以虾仁肌肉TVB-N含量建立的货架期模型能够较为准确的预测其货架期。结论 贮藏温度升高会加速即食中华管鞭虾品质的劣化。4~37℃贮藏时,以虾仁肌肉TVB-N含量建立的货架期模型可较为准确地预测其货架期。     

仙草胶/酪蛋白复合膜对冷却猪肉保鲜效果的影响

研究了仙草胶/酪蛋白复合膜对鲜猪肉在冷藏期间保鲜效果的影响。测定了在(4±1)℃冷藏期间,经不同保藏处理(无覆膜保鲜、酪蛋白膜覆膜保鲜、仙草胶/酪蛋白复合膜覆膜保鲜)猪肉的挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)含量、硫代巴比妥酸反应(thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances,TBARS)值、色泽度(L*值、a*值、b*值和ΔE值)、韧性和菌落总数的变化情况。结果表明:仙草胶/酪蛋白复合膜处理组的冷却猪肉品质较其他两组好。经仙草胶/酪蛋白复合膜包裹的冷却猪肉在4℃下保存10 d后,其菌落总数、TVB-N值和TBARS值等指标仍在新鲜肉的标准范围内,其贮藏期比酪蛋白膜处理组和对照组分别延长了2 d和4d。这表明添加仙草胶可有效提高酪蛋白可食性膜的抗菌和抗氧化活性。利用仙草胶/酪蛋白复合膜包裹冷却猪肉能有效控制猪肉的TVB-N值、TBARS值、色泽和韧性的变化,减缓了贮藏过程中猪肉的脂肪氧化和菌落总数的上升,提高了冷却猪肉贮藏过程中的品质并延长货架期。     

牛肉玻璃化冻藏温度对肉品质的影响

利用差示扫描量热法(DSC)测量出牛肉玻璃态转化温度(glass transition temperature,T_g)为-14℃。将牛肉贮藏在-10℃(T_g)、-14℃(=T_g)、-18℃和-22℃(﹤T_g)条件下7个月,通过测定贮藏过程中颜色参数、嫩度、菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮(volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N)的变化研究玻璃态贮藏对牛肉品质的影响,并建立牛肉品质(TVB-N)的动力学模型,对货架期进行预测。结果表明,-14、-18、-22℃贮藏牛肉,随时间的延长,L*值较稳定,a*值先增大后减小,b*逐渐增大;-10℃L*值下降幅度大,a*值逐渐降低。4种贮藏温度下牛肉的剪切力均先增大后减小;菌落总数整体呈上升趋势;TVB-N值随贮藏时间的延长逐渐增加。根据Arrhenius方程,以TVB-N为指标建立预测冻藏牛肉货架期的动力学模型。得到Ea值为0.2 kJ/mol,指前因子K0为0.004 2。     

荧光假单胞菌和热杀索丝菌对低温贮藏期间猪肉品质变化的影响

为研究荧光假单胞菌和热杀索丝菌与猪肉品质变化的相关性,测定了在4 ℃下贮藏猪肉的微生物菌落数、pH值、色泽（L*、a*、b*值）、质构特性、总糖含量、总挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）值和硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS）值以及通过扫描电子显微镜观察猪肉肌纤维微观结构的变化。结果表明,在冷藏期间,微生物菌落数、pH值、TVB-N值、TBARS值等随着猪肉冷藏时间延长而上升,而总糖含量、L*值、a*值、硬度、咀嚼性均呈降低趋势。同时,研究发现猪肉冷藏过程中微生物的生长繁殖使其肌纤维结构发生明显变化。猪肉理化品质变化与微生物的种类和生长速率相关,热杀索丝菌的致腐败能力高于假单胞菌。相关性分析结果表明,菌落数、pH值、总糖含量、TVB-N值、TBARS值与冷藏时间密切相关,其中微生物菌落数与冷藏时间的相关性最高,可作为冷藏猪肉品质评价和货架期预测的监测指标。     

大菱鲆微冻贮藏过程中的品质变化规律

以微生物、理化和感官为指标,对大菱鲆在-2℃微冻贮藏过程中的品质变化进行了研究。试验结果表明,大菱鲆在-2℃贮藏时其货架期可达到20 d。货架期终点时菌落总数为5.99 ln(CFU/g),pH值为6.88,TVB-N值为37.08 mg N/100 g,TBA值为1.81 mg MDA/kg。硬度、弹性和色差b*值与贮藏时间呈显著负相关。电子鼻LA分析结果与贮藏期鱼肉品质变化相吻合。     

南方大口鲶在微冻和冻藏条件下鲜度及品质的变化

为研究3种贮藏温度对南方鲶品质变化的影响,分别对微冻(-3℃)和冻藏(-18、-25℃)条件下南方大口鲶的菌落总数、pH、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)值、K值、色差值、弹性、硬度等指标的变化进行研究,并结合感官评价分析其新鲜度。结果表明:贮藏温度越低,各指标变化趋势越慢;随贮藏时间的延长,3种贮藏温度下南方大口鲶的感官评分、亮度值L*、弹性值及硬度值均不断降低,菌落总数、TVB-N、K值和黄蓝值b*均呈上升趋势,pH均呈先降低后增高的V型变化趋势。综合各指标的实验结果得到:南方鲶-3℃微冻贮藏下货架期为18 d;冻藏组在实验终点(60 d)并未出现腐败变质的情况;与微冻相比,冻藏能明显延长南方鲶的贮藏期。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.