提高肉类嫩度的方法及机理

肉的嫩度是评价肉及肉制品感官品质的重要指标。在肉品加工中,通常采用机械、物理、生化等方法来改善肉的嫩度,文中概述了肉嫩化的几种方法和作用机理。     

超声波技术嫩化机理及其在肉制品中应用效果的研究进展

嫩度是评估肉制品品质的重要指标,提高嫩度有利于吸引消费者二次购买。传统物理嫩化技术虽广泛应用于肉及肉制品的嫩化加工,但在线应用差这一缺陷导致消费者接受度较低,因此推进了新兴物理嫩化技术的研究。其中,超声波作为一种高效节能、绿色环保、穿透力强的非热加工技术广泛用于肉制品的嫩化。本文综述了肉制品嫩化理论、嫩度主要影响因素以及超声波嫩化的基本原理,并从不同角度（肌纤维和结缔组织特性）阐述了超声波技术对肉制品嫩度的影响,为超声波技术在改善肉制品品质方面提供新思路和理论指导。     

提高肉类嫩度的方法及机理

肉的嫩度是评价肉及内制品感官品质的重要指标,在肉品加工中,通常采用机械、物理、生化等方法来改善肉的嫩度,文中概述了肉嫩化的几种方法和作用机理。     

肌肉嫩化方法及其机理分析

嫩度是肌肉重要的食用肉品质特征之一,影响肌肉嫩度的因素多种多样,包括肌原纤维、胶原蛋白、内源酶在内的内部因素,和温度、pH值等外部因素。阐述了物理(电刺激、高压处理、超声波)、生物化学(盐类、有机酸和生物酶)处理技术以及多种嫩化方法结合技术改善肌肉嫩度的方法,分析了不同的嫩化机理,并就肌肉嫩化机理分析研究进行了展望。     

肉类嫩化技术的研究进展与思考

肉的嫩度是肉品品质的重要指标,肉嫩度的改善一直是国内外肉品科学研究的热点之一.本文阐述了肉品嫩化的电刺激技术、嫩化吊挂技术、成熟技术、钙离子注射法、机械法、盐和有机酸嫩化法以及酶法嫩化等,并对这些技术进行了探讨,提出了看法和建议.     

肉类嫩化技术的研究进展与思考

肉的嫩度是肉品品质的重要指标,肉嫩度的改善,多年来一直是国内外肉品科学研究的热点之一。本文阐述了肉品嫩化的电刺激技术、嫩化吊挂技术、成熟技术、钙离子注射法、机械法、盐和有机酸嫩化法以及酶法嫩化等,并对这些技术进行了探讨,提出了看法和建议。     

化学干预调控肉及肉制品嫩度的研究进展

嫩度是肉及肉制品的重要品质属性之一，影响消费者的购买意愿。化学干预技术因其成本低、投入少、能耗低、易于工业化且嫩化效果好等优点，在肉类加工领域备受关注。本文简单介绍了肉嫩度的主要影响因素，侧重综述了化学干预技术（无机盐、有机酸、外源性氨基酸及其他化学物质）对肉及肉制品嫩度的调控作用及其机制，为化学嫩化新技术的开发与应用提供参考。     

牛肉嫩化技术的研究进展

肉品嫩度是肉的首要食用品质,它是消费者评判肉质优劣的最常用指标。肉嫩度的改善,多年来一直是国内外肉品科学研究的热点之一。宰后肉类的后期成熟和嫩化处理,是改善肉品嫩度的关键环节。对影响肉嫩度的宰前和宰后因素、目前嫩化方法及嫩化机制进行综述,最后对肉的嫩化趋势作出展望。     

肌肉嫩度的影响因素及pH调节牛肉嫩化技术研究进展

嫩度是牛肉的重要品质指标,提高牛肉嫩度可以显著提高牛肉品质。大量研究表明,调节pH能有效改善牛肉嫩度、提高牛肉的品质,且该嫩化方法安全有效、成本较低,正在受到越来越多学者和企业的关注。本文综述了决定肌肉嫩度的主要因素、pH调节嫩化技术的机理及国内外pH调节改善牛肉嫩度的应用的研究进展,为新型牛肉嫩化技术的研究与应用提供参考。     

宰后肉的嫩化机制及其影响因素

宰后肉类的后期成熟和嫩化处理,是改善肉品质（嫩度）的关键环节。本实验阐述了影响宰后肉嫩度的因素（pH值、胶原蛋白和钙激活酶）和相关嫩化机理（有机酸、电刺激、盐类、外源酶和内源酶、超声波、高压和吊挂拉伸的嫩化机理）。     

新型牛肉嫩化技术研究进展

嫩度是评价牛肉品质的关键指标,直接影响消费者的购买意向。因此,如何改善牛肉的嫩度一直是肉品研究领域的重点。随着科学技术的发展,新型肉类嫩化技术不断涌现,目前在牛肉生产中新引入的智能拉伸、超声波和脉冲电场等技术在牛肉生产领域得到广泛关注。基于近期的研究成果,该文详细深入地对上述3种技术的作用机制、嫩化效果及应用前景进行了综述,发现高强度(10~1 000 W/cm^2)低频率(20~100 k Hz)超声波在改善牛肉嫩度方面效果显著,是一种有效的牛肉嫩化技术,多种肉类嫩化技术的复合应用也是未来肉类产业发展的趋势。     

超声技术对肌原纤维蛋白结构的影响及其在肌肉食品中的应用现状

超声波,即声波频率高于20 kHz的声波。超声波技术作为一种新型食品物理加工技术,近年来在肌肉食品加工领域的研究和应用取得了显著的进展。本文综述了超声波技术对肌肉组织和蛋白结构等微观品质的调控作用及其对肉制品质构、色泽、风味、保水性等宏观品质的影响,详细阐述了在不同肉制品加工工艺场景下超声波技术的应用进展,包括原料肉的解冻、嫩化、凝胶化和乳化特性的提升以及腌制剂的渗透、腥臭味的掩埋等方面。此外,从超声技术与变压滚揉、腌制剂、微波、浸渍冷冻等其他技术的联合应用进一步探讨了超声波技术在改善肉制品加工品质方面的潜在作用,为超声波技术在肌肉食品加工领域的深层次应用提供了重要的理论参考。     

Physical Interventions to Manipulate Texture and Tenderness of Fresh Meat: A Review

Meat tenderness is a major eating quality attribute that ensures consumer satisfaction and repeat purchase of red meat. The variability in meat tenderness is related to several factors that are spread across the production chain (biological, on farm, processing, and consumer factors), which can lead to inconsistent tenderness in fresh red meat products. The tenderization process is dictated by physical and biochemical factors, which appear to affect the proteases involved in protein degradation and, consequently, they regulate the rate and extend of tenderization in meat. Several physical, chemical, and biochemical interventions have been investigated to improve the tenderness of meat. The present review discusses the physical interventions used to manipulate the texture of meat and their mechanism of action, optimal tenderizing conditions, and their effects on other meat quality attributes (colour stability, lipid oxidation, and water holding capacity). Attention should be paid to other quality attributes for full evaluation of the differing interventions.     

Applied and Emerging Methods for Meat Tenderization: A Comparative Perspective

The tenderization process, which can be influenced by both pre‐ and post‐slaughter interventions, begins immediately after an animal's death and is followed with the disruption of the muscle structure by endogenous proteolytic systems. The post‐slaughter technological interventions like electrical stimulation, suspension methods, blade tenderization, tumbling, use of exogenous enzymes, and traditional aging are some of the methods currently employed by the meat industry for improving tenderness. Over the time, technological advancement resulted in development of several novel methods, for maximizing the tenderness, which are being projected as quick, economical, nonthermal, green, and energy‐efficient technologies. Comparison of these advanced technological methods with the current applied industrial methods is necessary to understand the feasibility and benefits of the novel technology. This review discusses the benefits and advantages of different emerging tenderization techniques such as hydrodynamic‐pressure processing, high‐pressure processing, pulsed electric field, ultrasound, SmartStretch^?, Pi‐Vac Elasto‐Pack® system, and some of the current applied methods used in the meat industry.     

热剔骨工艺及改进方法研究进展

阐述了现代化热剔骨工艺的特点及热剔骨工艺中的肉品成熟嫩化过程,同时介绍了国际热剔骨工艺研究领域及肉类成熟领域的研究进展,对这一领域的发展进行了总结,并提出在该研究领域中引入电刺激等品质改良方法以提高热剔骨工艺肉品品质的建议。     

Ultrasound applications in poultry meat processing: A systematic review

Ultrasound (US) is classified as a nonthermal treatment and it is used in food processing at a frequency range between 20 kHz and 1 MHz. Cavitation bubbles occur when the US strength is high enough to generate rarefaction that exceeds the intermolecular attraction forces in the medium. Currently, US is widely used in meat industries to enhance procedures, such as meat tenderization, emulsification mass transfer, marination, freezing, homogenization, crystallization, drying, and microorganism inactivation. In addition, combining ultrasonic energy with a sanitizing agent has a synergistic effect on microbial reduction. When poultry meat is treated using US, the expected quality is often better than the traditional methods, such as sanitization and freezing. US can be considered as a novel green technology for tenderizing and decontamination of poultry meat since both Escherichia coli and Salmonella are sensible to US. US improves the physical and chemical properties of meat proteins and can lead to a decrease in the α-helix in intramuscular protease complex in addition to a reduction in the viscosity coefficients. Therefore, ultrasonic treatment can be applied to enhance the textural properties of chicken meat. US can also be used to improve the drying rate when used under vacuum, compared with other traditional techniques. This review focuses on the potential of US applications in the management of poultry industries as the demand for good quality meat proteins is increasing worldwide.     

Current and future prospects for the use of pulsed electric field in the meat industry

Pulsed electric field (PEF) is a novel non-thermal technology that has recently attracted the attention of meat scientists and technologists due to its ability to modify membrane structure and enhance mass transfer. Several studies have confirmed the potential of pulsed electric field for improving meat tenderness in both pre-rigor and post-rigor muscles during aging. However, there is a high degree of variability between studies and the underlying mechanisms are not clearly understood. While some studies have suggested physical disruption as the main cause of PEF induced tenderness, enzymatic nature of the tenderization seems to be the most plausible mechanism. Several studies have suggested the potential of PEF to mediate the tenderization process due to its membrane altering properties causing early release of calcium ions and early activation of the calpain proteases. However, experimental research is yet to confirm this postulation. Recent studies have also reported increased post-mortem proteolysis in PEF treated muscles during aging. PEF has also been reported to accelerate curing, enhance drying and reduce the numbers of both pathogens and spoilage organisms in meat, although that demands intense processing conditions. While tenderization, meat safety and accelerated curing appears to be the areas where PEF could provide attractive options in meat processing, further research is required before the application of PEF becomes a commercial reality in the meat industry. It needs to deal with carcasses which vary biochemically and in composition (muscle, fat, and bones). This review critically evaluates the published reports on the topic with the aim of reaching a clear understanding of the possible applications of PEF in the meat sector in addition to providing some insight on critical issues that need to be addressed for the technology to be a practical option for the meat industry.     

食盐对肉制品品质形成的作用及减盐技术研究进展

食盐在改善肉制品的风味、质地及延长保质期等方面发挥着重要作用,是目前肉品加工过程中最广泛使用的添加剂之一。但盐分摄入过多会增加多种疾病的发病率,如胃癌、骨质疏松症、肾病、糖尿病和心脑血管疾病等。因此,合理减少食盐的摄入量并采用适当的减盐技术在肉制品加工领域至关重要。本文综述食盐对肉制品品质的影响,重点总结生产低盐肉制品的常规减盐方法（直接降低食盐的添加量、改变食盐的物理形态、应用食盐替代物、添加风味增强剂或品质改良剂等）和新型加工工艺（超声波技术、超高压技术、脉冲电场技术和微粉化技术等）,为提高低盐肉制品品质及低盐肉制品的加工提供理论参考。