分光光度法测定乳制品中硫氰酸钠的含量

将乳制品样品经三氯乙酸溶液提取,过滤加硝酸酸化,再加入硫酸铁铵溶液,生成硫氰酸铁络合离子,使溶液呈血红色,在最大吸收波长处测定其吸光值,根据吸光度曲线确定硫氰酸钠含量。结果显示:硫氰酸钠浓度为1~30 mg/L、460 nm波长时,吸光度呈良好线性关系,奶粉和牛奶的相对标准偏差分别为3.47%和2.23%,加标回收率为98.6%~99.7%。考虑到显色的稳定性,标准溶液显色后应该在30 min内进行检测。利用分光光度法测定乳制品中的硫酸氢钠,具有操作简便、回收率高、实验成本低、分析周期短、结果准确等优点,适合在广大中小企业推广使用。     

分光光度计法快速测定牛乳及乳粉中硫氰酸钠的含量

本法采用分光光度计法快速测定牛乳及乳粉中硫氰酸钠的含量。方法:样品经三氯乙酸溶液提取,与三氯化铁生成血红色的硫氰酸铁络合离子,在最大吸收波长处测定其吸光值,根据标准曲线确定硫氰酸钠的含量。结果表明:在浓度1~30μg/m L,波长为457nm时,测得的吸光度线性关系良好。加标回收率在92.5%~112.5%,精密度在0.34%~1.87%,牛乳的方法检出限为3.83 mg/kg,乳粉的方法检出限为7.65 mg/kg。基于显色稳定性,方法要求标准溶液和样品溶液显色后在15min内完成检测。该方法使用仪器设备简单,操作方便,成品低,实验时间短,特别适用于乳制品中硫氰酸钠含量的快速检测。本方法可应用在各奶粉制品企业对大批量原料乳进行快速检验和质量验收。     

乳与乳制品中硫氰酸盐的测定

本文利用紫外分光光度法测定乳与乳制品中硫氰酸钠的质量浓度。样品经沉淀过滤后,硫氰酸根遇铁盐反应生成血红色的硫氰酸铁,在450 nm下测其吸光值,用标准曲线法定量。本方法的线性范围为0.00~10 mg/kg,相关系数R=0.999 817,鲜奶的检出限为1.00 mg/kg,奶粉的检出限为2.00 mg/kg,回收率为90.76%~104.59%,相对标准偏差0.199%~0.366%。该方法具有操作简单、结果准确等特点,对乳与乳制品中硫氰酸盐的控制具有重要意义,适合在大中小企业推广。     

乳与乳制品中硫氰酸盐的测定

本文利用紫外分光光度法测定乳与乳制品中硫氰酸钠的质量浓度。样品经沉淀过滤后,硫氰酸根遇铁盐反应生成血红色的硫氰酸铁,在450 nm下测其吸光值,用标准曲线法定量。本方法的线性范围为0.00~10 mg/kg,相关系数R=0.999 817,鲜奶的检出限为1.00 mg/kg,奶粉的检出限为2.00 mg/kg,回收率为90.76%~104.59%,相对标准偏差0.199%~0.366%。该方法具有操作简单、结果准确等特点,对乳与乳制品中硫氰酸盐的控制具有重要意义,适合在大中小企业推广。     

分光光度法测定乳及乳粉中的硫氰酸钠

研究了使用分光光度法测定乳及乳粉中的硫氰酸钠及乳及乳粉中硫氰酸钠的测定条件,获得了较好的结果。本方法的回收率在92.0%~99.5%之间,标准曲线的回归方程的相关系数r=0.9998,RSD≤4.51%。乳最低检出限为0.05 mg/L;乳粉最低检出限0.5 mg/kg。本文研究的测定方法操作简便、测定成本较低、准确度高,可用于乳及乳粉中硫氰酸钠的定量测定。     

紫外分光光度法测定乳与乳制品中硫氰酸钠的含量

本文建立了使用紫外分光光度计测定原料乳及乳制品中硫氰酸钠含量的方法,方法利用硫氰酸钠与硝酸铁反应产物硫氰酸铁的光度值间接测定硫氰酸钠的含量。结果显示,吸光度与硫氰酸钠质量浓度线性关系、检出限实验、重复性实验、回收率实验等方法学实验均效果良好,测得结果与离子色谱法结果没有显著性差异,提示方法可行,适于乳品企业对硫氰酸钠的快速检测。     

液态奶中硫氰酸钠快速检测试剂盒的研制与应用

硫氰酸钠(NaSCN,Sodium thiocyanate)是一种具有防腐作用的化工原料,常被加入乳制品中以延长其货架期,增大了安全风险。目前已报道的硫氰酸钠快速检测方法,大多存在底色干扰严重和灵敏度低等弊端。为提高检测灵敏度,本研究基于SCN~-可与Fe~(3+)反应生成血红色络合物的原理,通过显色显色剂筛选、显色条件优化,以模拟奶模拟牛奶基质,经样品前处理、显色剂显色,建立了一种NaSCN半定量速测管法,并开发为快速检测试剂盒,用于液态奶样品中硫氰酸钠残留量检测。结果表明,最佳显色条件为:以2 mol/L硝酸铁(2 mol/L硝酸作溶剂)作为显色剂,常温下2 min内显色完全。该试剂盒对液态奶中硫氰酸钠残留的检出限为5 mg/kg;5~100 mg/kg时,区分度良好;准确、灵敏、快速(5 min)、稳定,无需仪器辅助,适合中小型企业与基层单位现场对大批量样品进行筛查。     

纯牛乳中硫氰酸钠高通量快速检测方法的建立

本研究基于硫氰酸根与三价铁离子反应生成血红色络合物的原理,以微孔板作为显色载体,通过显色剂筛选、显色条件优化、性能评定等步骤建立了一种准确、快速、高通量的纯牛乳中硫氰酸钠含量的检测方法。方法的工作条件为选取1.5 mol/L的高氯酸铁溶液(用2.0 mol/L高氯酸溶液配制)作为最佳显色剂,室温25℃下反应5 min,用酶标仪读取465 nm波长下的吸收值。结果显示:本方法检出限为0.27 mg/kg,定量限为0.90 mg/kg,线性范围为0.90~80.00 mg/kg,加标回收率范围在83.9%~98.6%之间,重复测试相对标准偏差均小于10.0%。本方法具有准确、通量高、试剂用量小、环保、快速等优点,能够满足纯牛乳中硫氰酸钠的检测,适合对大批量的纯牛乳中硫氰酸钠残留进行快速筛查。     

百里酚分光光度法测定发酵液中L-精氨酸含量

目的建立定量检测发酵液中L-精氨酸含量的方法.方法以百里酚的次溴酸钠溶液为显色剂,用分光光度计比色测定.结果百里酚分光光度法检测L-精氨酸的最佳条件为样品稀释液5.0 mL,依次加入0.03%百里酚溶液2.0 mL,0.7%次溴酸钠溶液1.0 mL,摇匀,30 s内加入40%尿素溶液1.0 mL,冰水浴中显色2 min,测定OD470nm.该方法的检出限为2.0 μg/mL,摩尔吸光系数ε为6.8×103L/(mol·cm),回收率98.8%～101.2%,发酵液样品测定的相对标准偏差0.23%～0.59%.结论该方法简便、快速、准确可靠,适合用于发酵液中L-精氨酸含量的定量检测.     

电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定乳制品中的铝含量

目的建立电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定乳制品中铝的分析方法,并进一步优化样品前处理方法。方法采用微波消解法处理牛奶和乳扇样品,电感耦合等离子发射光谱测定样品中的铝含量,并进行了连续测定7次的精密度实验和加标回收准确度实验。结果铝元素在0～10 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,方法的检出限是0.6 mg/kg,定量限是1.8 mg/kg,其精密度为5.09%～6.05%,加标回收率94%～101.92%。通过测定市售乳制品发现,牛奶中铝含量正常,乳扇中铝含量偏高。结论本方法简便准确,为研究乳制品中金属元素含量提供一定参考。     

Calibration of infrared milk analyzers: modified milk versus producer milk

Mid-infrared (MIR) milk analyzers are traditionally calibrated using sets of preserved raw individual producer milk samples. The goal of this study was to determine if the use of sets of preserved pasteurized modified milks improved calibration performance of MIR milk analyzers compared with calibration sets of producer milks. The preserved pasteurized modified milk sets exhibited more consistent day-to-day and set-to-set calibration slope and intercept values for all components compared with the preserved raw producer milk calibration sets. Pasteurized modified milk calibration samples achieved smaller confidence interval (CI) around the regression line (i.e., calibration uncertainty). Use of modified milk calibration sets with a larger component range, more even distribution of component concentrations within the ranges, and the lower correlation of fat and protein concentrations than producer milk calibration sets produced a smaller 95% CI for the regression line due to the elimination of moderate and high leverage samples. The CI for the producer calibration sets were about 2 to 12 times greater than the CI for the modified milk calibration sets, depending on the component. Modified milk calibration samples have the potential to produce MIR milk analyzer calibrations that will perform better in validation checks than producer milk-based calibrations by reducing the mean difference and standard deviation of the difference between instrument values and reference chemistry.     

毛细管电泳法对乳及乳制品中乳源蛋白的研究

采用毛细管电泳方法对原料乳、市售鲜奶、不同厂家的巴氏灭菌乳、不同厂家和产地超高温灭菌乳(UHT)、调味乳、乳酸饮料、复原乳、酸奶、奶粉中蛋白成分进行检测。选择聚乙烯醇涂层毛细管,采用柠檬酸缓冲体系,在紫外检测214nm、分离电压20kV条件下对乳及乳制品中的α一乳白蛋白(α-La)、β一乳球蛋白(β-Lg)、α-酪蛋白(α-CN)、β-酪蛋白(β-CN)和k-酪蛋白(k-CN)进行分离测定。结果表明:五种蛋白的含量在原料乳(巴氏灭菌乳、市售鲜奶)、UHT乳、酸奶、调味乳、乳酸饮料、复原乳中依次降低,而UHT乳含量随保质期的增加而减少,奶粉中蛋白质含量因其适应人群而有差异。乳及乳制品中蛋白质的含量与其存在形式、产地及加工工艺相关。     

鲜乳及乳粉糊精掺假问题

目前,我国鲜牛（羊）乳及乳制品掺假是一个较为普遍的现象。鲜乳掺假会增加乳品加工企业的原料收购费及贮存、运输和加工成本,还严重威胁着产品质量,甚至决定着企业的生存和发展。俗话说“千里之堤,溃于蚁穴”,事实上,确有不少企业因无力控制乳原料掺假等等质量问题,在群雄逐鹿的乳品及冷饮市场竞争中不堪一击,不得不偃旗息鼓,被迫抱怨退出！而有的企业,则以低价倾销假冒伪劣乳制品的手段来打击竞争对手、占领市场,极大的破坏了乳品行业的利益,消弱了乳制品市场发展的后劲。然而,鲜乳及乳制品掺假不单是产品质量问题、企业声誉…     

Reduction of milk and milk product wastage

The paper examines the assessment of waste control based on effluent monitoring and the results of a BOD test for 'milk equivalent' measurement are interpreted and evaluated. The importance of reliable flow measurement is stressed and a table is given showing wastage from various dairy operations and methods of reducing losses recommended.     

Effects of milk powders in milk chocolate

The physical characteristics of milk powders used in chocolate can have significant impact on the processing conditions needed to make that chocolate and the physical and organoleptic properties of the finished product. Four milk powders with different particle characteristics (size, shape, density) and "free" milk fat levels (easily extracted with organic solvent) were evaluated for their effect on the processing conditions and characteristics of chocolates in which they were used. Many aspects of chocolate manufacture and storage (tempering conditions, melt rheology, hardness, bloom stability) were dependent on the level of free milk fat in the milk powder. However, particle characteristics of the milk powder also influenced the physical and sensory properties of the final products.     

Investigations on milk flow and milk yield from teats with milk flow disorders

The objective of this study was to investigate peak milk flow, average milk flow, and milk yield in teats with milk flow disorders. A total of 100 hard milking teats were studied in 97 cows. Teats with milk flow disorders were examined endoscopically. Quarter milk flow and quarter milk yield were examined with four Lactocorders attached to a quarter milking machine. Peak milk flow, average milk flow, and milk yield were measured in all teats of the udder before treatment of the affected teat, as well as 1 and 6 mo later. Teats with milk flow disorders were compared to all other teats of the same udder. Before treatment, peak milk flow from affected teats was 20%, average milk flow 14%, and milk yield 53% of the control teats, adjusted for other significant explanatory variables. Milk flow and milk yield increased after surgical treatment of the affected teats. Six months after treatment peak milk flow was 79%, average milk flow 76%, milk yield was 71% compared with control teats. We conclude from these findings that teat endoscopy and measuring quarter milk flow and milk yield with Lactocorders are useful tools for examining teats with milk flow disorders.     

山羊奶与牛奶和人奶营养成分的比较

对山羊奶、牛奶和人奶中蛋白质、脂肪、维生素、矿物质等主要营养成分进行了比较,分析了3种奶中主要营养成分的差别。通过比较发现,山羊奶在总体营养成分方面优于牛奶,更接近人奶。但山羊奶存在铁、叶酸和维生素B12含量较低以及羊奶膻味的问题,应在营养上对这方面加以重视。     

生乳中豆浆、米汤掺假鉴别及其定量测定

为鉴别生乳掺假,采用非线性化学指纹图谱技术,建立基于"溴酸钠+硫酸锰+硫酸+丙酮"稳态体系的不同奶源地的纯生乳及掺入不同量豆浆、米汤的生乳的非线性化学指纹图谱,利用指纹图谱的直观特征信息能很好地将掺豆浆、米汤的生乳鉴别出来,并能对掺假物的种类进行判断。根据掺假生乳指纹图谱参数信息与掺假量的关系,可对生乳中掺入豆浆、米汤的相对含量进行评估。非线性化学指纹图谱技术为原料乳中豆浆、米汤的掺假鉴别及掺入物质的相对含量的评价提供了一种新的方法。     

乳及乳制品加工中的美拉德反应

针对乳及乳制品在加工和储藏过程中由于发生美拉德反应不仅使乳制品的营养物质受到破坏，还产生对人体有害的物质，在很大程度上影响的乳制品的质量，对乳制品中美拉德反应的历程，产生的标志物及其测定方法等进行了的综述。     

N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity in whole milk and milk fractions

Experiment 1 was conducted to determine NAGase activity in skim, fat, and cell pellet fractions of foremilk and stripping milk from infection-free quarters. Changes in milk NAGase activity during a 12 h in vitro incubation were also determined. Eight cows, two quarters per cow, were used. One quarter of each cow received an intramammary infusion of oyster glycogen. N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity was highest in stripping milk and in milk from infused quarters. The percentages of NAGase activity in skim, fat, and cell pellet fractions were 62.6, 22.4, and 12.6. The NAGase activity of milk incubated in vitro did not significantly change over time. Experiment 2 was conducted to determine if neutrophils lost NAGase activity during extravasation into milk. Leukocytosis was induced in infection-free quarters of five cows. The NAGase activities of peripheral neutrophils and milk neutrophils were not significantly different. Results from both studies suggest that the major source of milk NAGase is the mammary epithelial cell and that milk somatic cells contribute less than 15% of the total milk NAGase activity.