褪黑素对小鼠抗氧化作用的影响

目的:研究小鼠在受到脂多糖(LPS)刺激时,褪黑素的抗氧化作用,并探讨其可能机制。方法:用脂多糖建立氧化应激模型,检测血清、小肠、肝脏和脾组织中的ROS含量,肝脏、脾组织中的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)的变化。结果:在LPS刺激后的4h和16h,褪黑素均能降低血清、小肠、肝脏、脾组织中的ROS含量,提升肝脏和脾组织中的GSH-PX、SOD活性,降低MDA含量。结论:褪黑素有助于增强氧化应激小鼠的抗氧化能力,降低组织中NO含量与NO合成酶活性,增加了SOD、GSH-PX等抗氧化酶的活性,保护机体免受氧化损伤。     

传统陈窖豆豉粑和霉菌型豆豉挥发性风味化合物研究

采用顶空固相微萃取（HS—SPME）和气质联用（GC—MS）方法，共鉴定出贵州传统陈窖豆豉粑和霉菌型豆豉四个样品中的挥发性化合物102种，其中DCB-1、DCB-2、DCB-3和LGM-DC分别为65、48、50和47种，这些化合物包括醇（16）、酸（13）、酯（18）、醛（5）、酮（11）、酚（2）、吡嗪（11）、呋喃（9）、吡喃酮（2）、含硫化合物（4）、酰胺类化合物（9）以及其它化合物（2）等12类。已报道的对大豆发酵调味品风味贡献较大的41种化合物至少在三个样品中同时检出。就Maillard反应特征产物之一的吡嗪类化合物而占，其含量仅次于酸，可能对产品主体风味的形成起着重要作用。     

Determination of the variability of both hydrophilic and lipophilic toxins in endemic wild bivalves and carnivorous gastropods from the Southern part of Chile

The aim of this study was to analyse and determine the composition of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins and lipophilic toxins in the Region of Aysén, Chile, in wild endemic mussels (Mytilus chilensis, Venus antiqua, Aulacomya ater, Choromytilus chorus, Tagelus dombeii and Gari solida) and in two endemic carnivorous molluscs species (Concholepas concholepas and Argobuccinum ranelliforme). PSP-toxin contents were determined by using HPLC with fluorescence detection, while lipophilic toxins were determined by using LC-MS/MS. Mean concentrations for the total of PSP toxins were in the range 55–2505 μg saxitoxin-equivalent/100 g. The two most contaminated samples for PSP toxicity were bivalve Gari solida and carnivorous Argobuccinum ranelliforme with 2505 ± 101 and 1850 ± 137 μg saxitoxin-equivalent/100 g, respectively (p < 0.05). The lipophilic toxins identified were okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1), azaspiracid-1 (AZA-1), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) and yessotoxins (YTX). All analysed molluscs contained lipophilic toxins at levels ranging from 56 ± 4.8 to 156.1 ± 8.2 μg of okadaic acid-equivalent/kg shellfish together with YTX at levels ranging from 1.0 ± 0.1 to 18 ± 0.9 μg of YTX-equivalent/kg shellfish and AZA at levels ranging from 3.6 ± 0.2 to 31 ± 2.1 μg of AZA-equivalent/kg shellfish. Furthermore, different bivalves and gastropods differ in their capacity of retention of lipophilic toxins, as shown by the determination of their respective lipophilic toxins levels. In all the evaluated species, the presence of lipophilic toxins associated with biotransformation in molluscs and carnivorous gastropods was not identified, in contrast to the identification of PSP toxins, where the profiles identified in the different species are directly related to biotransformation processes. Thus, this study provides evidence that the concentration of toxins in the food intake of the evaluated species (Bivalvia and Gastropoda class) determines the degree of bioaccumulation and biotransformation they will thereafter exhibit.     

碱性条件对面条品质特性影响的研究

借助布拉班德粉质仪、拉伸仪、糊化仪和美能达色差仪,对加盐面条和加碱面条进行对比测试分析。结果表明:碱性条件对面条的品质特性尤其蒸煮品质和食用品质有着与加盐面条明显不同的影响效果,由此为面条的工业化大发展和面条品质的升级换代提供了有益的参考。     

微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶制备过程中蛋白酶的抑制研究

针对微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶(MTG)制备过程中含有蛋白酶的问题,研究了抑制蛋白酶活性的方法,确定了以六偏磷酸钠作为MTG酶制剂中的蛋白酶抑制剂,并且考察了六偏磷酸钠的最小有效添加量。在喷雾干燥前添加六偏磷酸钠可以有效地抑制蛋白酶的活力,可以达到酶制剂的应用要求。酪蛋白交联实验与凝胶电泳实验验证了添加六偏磷酸钠不会影响MTG对蛋白质的交联作用。     

贮藏期香椿中多酚类物质含量与相关酶活变化的关系

将新鲜香椿于0、5、10℃及20℃系列温度下贮藏,定期取样,测定香椿中的多酚类物质的含量,并对与多酚含量变化密切相关的酶类-多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)的酶活变化趋势进行考察。结果显示,各贮藏温度下,香椿中的多酚含量随着贮藏时间的延长呈现先上升后下降的趋势,而多酚氧化酶的酶活也呈现先上升后下降趋势,过氧化物酶的酶活则呈现出持续上升的趋势。同时发现贮藏于0℃下的香椿贮藏时间最长,生理变化最为缓慢,且其中多酚含量及多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)酶活变化最为平缓,可以确定香椿最宜存放于0℃条件下。     

现代表面分析技术用于纤维表面研究的新进展

阐述了原子力显微镜(AFM)、化学力显微镜(CFM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、飞行时间二次离子质谱(ToF-SIMS)几种先进表面分析技术的基本原理以及用于纸浆纤维表面研究的新进展。     

高效合成树脂在造纸中的应用研究进展

就常用的新型高效合成树脂在造纸工业中的应用和研究进展做了简要的介绍。     

基于尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶1解毒通路探讨枸杞汁对邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯代谢的干预作用

目的:通过大鼠毒性干预实验观察枸杞汁对邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP)染毒大鼠肝脏中尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶1(uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1,UGT1)活性及代谢解毒的影响,探讨枸杞汁对DEHP代谢的干预效果。方法:60只雄性大鼠随机分为对照组、DEHP组和枸杞汁干预组,每组20只,DEHP组和干预组在DEHP一次染毒(3 000 mg/kg mb)后连续7 d分别灌胃生理盐水和枸杞汁,对照组则给予同等体积的芝麻油或生理盐水,期间每天收集大鼠24 h尿液。在染毒1、3、5、7 d后各组分别随机处死5只。采用试剂盒检测肝脏UGT1的活力,高效液相色谱法检测血清中的邻苯二甲酸单(2-乙基己基)酯(mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,MEHP)以及尿液MEHP和邻苯二甲酸(phthalic acid,PA)含量。结果:枸杞汁干预组大鼠第5天UGT1活性显著高于DEHP组和对照组(P0.05),且相对于DEHP组血清中MEHP含量减少而尿液中MEHP和PA含量增加。结论:枸杞汁可能通过提高UGT1活力促进了DEHP的代谢与排泄,发挥了解毒效应,将来可能作为一种预防或对抗邻苯二甲酸酯类物质或其他有毒化学物潜在危害的保健药材或功能食品用于人群的健康防护。     

酒花浸膏关键性香气成分分析

采用固相微萃取（solid-phase microextraction,SPME）与溶剂辅助蒸发萃取（solvent-assisted evaporative extraction,SAFE）法结合气相色谱-质谱（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）联用技术分析酒花浸膏中的香气成分,同时采用气相色谱-嗅闻仪（gas chromatography-olfactory,GC-O）结合香气提取稀释分析（aroma extraction dilution analysis,AEDA）方法和香气活性值（odor activity value,OAV）,最终确定酒花浸膏的关键性香气成分。结果显示,采用2 种萃取方法结合GC-MS在酒花浸膏中共鉴定出111 种香气成分;经GC-O分析共鉴定出27 种香气活性化合物,其中异丁酸乙酯、丁二酸二乙酯、2-甲基丁酸含量最高,结合风味稀释因子和OAV分析共同确认酒花浸膏的关键香气成分为异丁酸乙酯、2-甲基丁酸、异己酸乙酯、辛酸乙酯、癸酸乙酯等化合物。     

Approaches to the evaluation of matrix effects in the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of three regulated lipophilic toxin groups in mussel matrix (Mytilus edulis)

Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is seen as an integral part of methods of choice for the replacement of animal tests in the determination of lipophilic shellfish toxins. However, these techniques are prone to matrix effects that need to be considered when developing and validating methods. The analysis of shellfish is a challenging task due to the complexity of the shellfish matrix and the number of shellfish species encountered in monitoring laboratories. Therefore, it is crucial that the cause and the extent of matrix effects is fully understood in order to apply corrective measures to the analytical method and to develop efficient sample clean-up steps. This paper presents different approaches to evaluate matrix effects associated with the analysis of okadaic acid (OA), azaspiracid-1 (AZA1) and pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) in cooked and raw mussel flesh. Post-extraction addition and standard addition experiments were carried out and analysed using various LC-MS methods. Gradient and isocratic elution were compared and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), using C8 and C18 Acquity BEH columns, was evaluated for the extent of matrix effects. When matrix effects were observed, OA and PTX2 were always prone to signal enhancement and AZA1 to signal suppression. For all the toxins studied, matrix effects were dependent on chromatographic conditions. UPLC separation using a C8 column significantly reduced matrix effects compared to the other conditions assessed. Furthermore, sample dilution has proven to be an efficient way of reducing matrix effects associated with OA analysis.     

纬编凹凸针织面料的开发

介绍了以纯棉纱线、Coolmax纱线为原料,分别开发生产具有横向、纵向、方格凹凸效果的针织面料的编织过程,其中包括:设备参数、原料选择、织针排列、三角排列、穿纱方式以及调试时所需要注意的事项。为企业生产开发提供了参考依据。     

利用助剂改善高得率浆纤维的结合强度

实验采用不同类型助剂(两性聚丙烯酰胺(AmPAM)、阳离子淀粉(CS)和阳离子微纤化纤维素(CMFC))改善高得率浆(HYP)纤维的结合性能和物理强度,同时尽可能保持其较高松厚度的优势;分析了通过改良助剂添加方式(将助剂先加入HYP中,后与化学浆混合)来改善含HYP纸料的结合性能。结果表明,传统增强剂(强阳离子AmPAM和增强型CS)的增强效果最好,但松厚度下降显著;新型增强剂(CMFC、中性AmPAM、低相对分子质量高取代度阳离子淀粉(LHCS)和聚酰胺-环氧氯丙烷树脂(PAE))的增强效果次之,但对松厚度影响较小。其中,在保持相近松厚度的前提下,CMFC对HYP纤维的增强效果好于增强型CS。改良助剂添加方式的研究结果表明,几种助剂对混合纸料的影响趋势与单独加入HYP的相似,CMFC、LHCS和PAE均可以在松厚度下降幅度较小时,提高纸张抗张强度。     

高功能性大豆浓缩蛋白的性能及在肉制品中应用的研究

高功能性大豆浓缩蛋白（FSPC）的乳化活性及乳化稳定性与大豆分离蛋白相似，对固体脂肪的乳化能力超过分离蛋白，在乳化型碎肉制品中添加可使产品得率及质构超过添加分离蛋白的肉制品。作者认为FSPC的功能性质可能与蛋白分子形成可溶性聚集体有关。     

烟草感染马铃薯Y病毒脉坏死株系后六种酶活性变化的研究

本文定期测定了感病品种NC89接种PVYN后叶片内6种酶活性的动态变化,结果表明,接种后14天内SOD活性均较对照增高,其中第8天达高峰值,但接种后第16天SOD活性低于对照约28%;AAO活性在接种后2~6天明显高于对照,6~12天,AAO活性变化不定,但12天后,AAO活性又升高;POD活性在接种后2~4天比对照降低,4天后显著升高,至接种后第14天达高峰值,接种后16天又有下降趋势;CAT活性仅在接种后第2天比对照略有升高,随后均低于对照,其中第6天和第10天CAT活性降低幅度较大;PAL活性在接种后2~6天均比对照高,随后开始下降,第8~10天PAL活性低于对照,10天后又升高,第12天又达高峰值;PPO活性在接种后2~16天明显高于对照。本文还详细讨论了上述6种酶与烟草脉坏死病病程的相关性。      

Influence of Droplet Charge on the Chemical Stability of Citral in Oil-in-Water Emulsions

Abstract: The chemical stability of citral, a flavor component widely used in beverage, food, and fragrance products, in oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by surfactants with different charge characteristics was investigated. Emulsions were prepared using cationic (lauryl alginate, LAE), non-ionic (polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether, Brij 35), and anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) surfactants at pH 3.5. The citral concentration decreased over time in all the emulsions, but the rate of decrease depended on surfactant type. After 7 d storage, the citral concentrations remaining in the emulsions were around 60% for LAE- or Brij 35-stabilized emulsions and 10% for SDS-stabilized emulsions. An increase in the local proton (H⁺) concentration around negatively charged droplet surfaces may account for the more rapid citral degradation observed in SDS-stabilized emulsions. A strong metal ion chelator (EDTA), which has previously been shown to be effective at increasing the oxidative stability of labile components, had no effect on citral stability in LAE- or Brij 35-stabilized emulsions, but it slightly decreased the initial rate of citral degradation in SDS-stabilized emulsions. These results suggest the surfactant type used to prepare emulsions should be controlled to improve the chemical stability of citral in emulsion systems.     

Food safety implications of the distribution of azaspiracids in the tissue compartments of scallops ( Pecten maximus )

Azaspiracids, a new class of shellfish toxins, have been implicated in several recent incidents of human intoxications following the consumption of mussels ( Mytilus edulis ). A study was undertaken to examine the distribution of azaspiracid poisoning (AZP) toxins in scallops ( Pecten maximus ) and individual shellfish were dissected into five tissue fractions for the determination of toxin composition. Separation of the predominant azaspiracids, AZA1-3, was achieved using reversed-phase liquid chromatography with detection by positive electrospray multiple tandem mass spectrometry. The AZP toxin composition was determined in the adductor muscle (meat), gonad (roe), hepatopancreas (digestive glands), mantle and gill of scallops. Substantial differences in the AZP toxin levels between tissue compartments were observed and toxins were concentrated predominantly, about 85%, in the hepatopancreas. There was also a significant variation in the total toxin levels between individual scallops from the same sample batch and the RSD was 60% (n = 9). Interestingly, although all three AZP toxins were present in phytoplankton and mussels, AZA3 was not detected in the scallop samples examined. It was concluded that to improve food safety, only the adductor muscle and gonad of scallops should be permitted for sale to the public.     

功能菌生态在白酒基酒风味风格调控生产中的研究应用

以HS-SPME-GC-MS法分析了3个特殊工艺的兼香型基酒中的风味成分,并对应相应化合物嗅味阈值计算出其香气强度,从3个兼香型酒样中定性定量了主要风味化合物63种,其中酯类37种,醇类7种,酸类3种,醛酮类8种,芳香类8种。酒样1偏向于清香型兼香,酒样2有浓香的风格,酒样3的风味较偏向酱香型兼香。     

卷烟纸中Mg(OH)2-CaCO3加填及其对卷烟烟气的影响

从降低卷烟烟气危害的角度出发,用阻燃剂Mg(OH)2部分代替CaCO3作为卷烟纸填料,研究了Mg(OH)2用量对卷烟纸白度、抗张强度、透气度等性能的影响,对Mg(OH)2作为造纸填料在卷烟纸中的适用性进行了探讨,并在此基础上研究了在卷烟纸中添加阻燃剂Mg(OH)2对卷烟主流烟气、侧流烟气的影响。研究发现Mg(OH)2的添加可降低卷烟纸热解温度,从而影响卷烟的燃烧状态,达到降低烟气有害物质的目的,卷烟主流烟气中总粒相物、焦油、烟碱和一氧化碳均会降低,侧流烟气中STPM下降显著。     

Investigation of the in vivo antioxidative activity of Cynara scolymus (artichoke) leaf extract in the streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rat

The in vivo antioxidant activity of a quantified leaf extract of Cynara scolymus (artichoke) was studied. The aqueous artichoke leaf extract (ALE), containing 1.5% caffeoylquinic acid with chlorogenic acid being most abundant (0.30%), and luteolin‐7‐O‐glucoside as major flavonoid (0.15%), was investigated by evaluating the effect on different oxidative stress biomarkers, after 3 wk oral supplementation in the streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rat model. Apart from two test groups (0.2 g ALE/kg BW/day and 1 g ALE/kg BW/day, where BW is body weight), a healthy control group, untreated oxidative stress group, and vitamin E treated group (positive control) were included. A 0.2 g/kg BW/day of ALE decreased oxidative stress: malondialdehyde and 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels significantly diminished, whereas erythrocyte glutathione levels significantly increased. A 1.0 g/kg BW/day ALE did not show higher antioxidant activity.