滇红茶加工过程中氟虫腈及其代谢物降解规律分析及膳食暴露评估

为了探究滇红茶加工过程中氟虫腈及其代谢物的残留降解变化规律以及膳食暴露风险,本研究首先利用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱,TPT净化小柱,建立了滇红茶中氟虫腈及其代谢物的高灵敏度快速测定方法,在负离子MRM监测模式下,氟虫腈及其代谢物在0.5~100 μg/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好,最低检出限为0.4 μg/kg,不同添加浓度下的平均回收率范围为84.4%~95.5%,达到痕量检测的要求;通过在滇红茶鲜叶上喷洒氟虫腈及其代谢物,采摘后模拟滇红茶加工过程,对滇红茶加工的主要步骤取样并测定氟虫腈及其代谢物含量,结果表明,氟虫腈及其代谢物含量在滇红茶加工过程中不断降低,揉捻和干燥两个步骤可引起氟虫腈及其代谢物大量降解,降解率范围分别为37.5%~41.2%和65.1%~70.1%;HQ计算结果表明,氟虫腈及其代谢物的膳食暴露风险较低,而总危害指数HI大于1,膳食暴露风险不可接受。目前氟虫腈及其代谢物已在茶叶中禁止使用,4种农药同时使用的可能性较小,但应引起重视。     

气相色谱-负化学源电离-质谱法测定蔬菜中氟虫腈及其代谢物残留

建立气相色谱-负化学源电离-质谱法测定蔬菜中氟虫腈及其3 种代谢物氟甲腈、氟虫腈砜和氟虫腈亚砜残留量的方法。样品以乙腈提取,QuEChERS方法净化,采用基质校正曲线外标法定量。结果表明,氟虫腈及其代谢物在0.2～10.0 μg/L质量浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系;在1.0、5.0 μg/kg和10.0 μg/kg 3 个添加水平下,氟虫腈及其3 种代谢物的回收率在88.9%～105.8%之间,相对标准偏差在2.2%～7.6%之间;方法的检出限在0.2～0.3 μg/kg之间,定量限为1.0 μg/kg。该方法快速、简便、灵敏、准确,适用于蔬菜中氟虫腈及其代谢物残留的检测。     

QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定稻田水产品中氟虫腈及其代谢物残留

以QuEChERS作为样品前处理方法,结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术建立检测稻田水产品中氟虫腈及其代谢物氟甲腈、氟虫腈砜、氟虫腈亚砜残留的方法。样品通过体积分数为0.10%甲酸-乙腈溶液及陶瓷均质子旋涡振荡法提取,由0.15 g乙二胺?N?丙基硅烷分散萃取净化后采用ZORBAX Extend-C18色谱柱（2.1 mm×100.0 mm,1.8 μm）进行分离,电喷雾负离子模式测定,基质匹配标准曲线后运用外标法定量。结果表明,稻田水产品中氟虫腈、氟甲腈、氟虫腈砜和氟虫腈亚砜的平均回收率在85.2%～112.6%之间,相对标准偏差在1.2%～12.4%之间,氟虫腈及其代谢物在质量浓度0.5～100.0 ng/mL之间线性良好,相关系数均大于0.999,检出限为1.0～1.5 μg/kg、定量限为3.0～5.0 μg/kg,二者均低于GB 2763—2019《食品中农药最大残留限量》对禽肉中氟虫腈最大残留限量10 μg/kg的规定,实验方法简单、快速、灵敏,能够满足稻田水产品中氟虫腈及其代谢物的检测需求。     

QuEChERS-液相色谱-串联质谱法测定南瓜中噻虫胺和氟啶虫胺腈的残留量

该研究建立了QuEChERS-液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定南瓜中噻虫胺和氟啶虫胺腈残留量的分析方法。样品中的噻虫胺和氟啶虫胺腈经乙腈均质提取和基质分散萃取法净化,净化后的样液经0.22μm滤膜过滤后,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定。采用C18色谱柱分离,电喷雾离子化、正离子扫描方式和动态多反应监测模式检测,基质匹配标准溶液外标法定量。噻虫胺在2.5～100μg/L(氟啶虫胺腈在0.5～20μg/L)的范围内线性关系良好,相关系数分别为0.9994和0.9988。噻虫胺在5、10和50μg/kg(氟啶虫胺腈在1、2和10μg/kg)的3个添加水平的平均回收率在88.5%～111.2%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)在1.12%～6.92%。噻虫胺和氟啶虫胺腈的方法定量限分别为1.0μg/kg和5.0μg/kg。该方法快速简便、灵敏度高、重现性好,可满足南瓜中噻虫胺和氟啶虫胺腈的残留检测要求。     

6种杀虫剂在上海青中的残留消解动态及膳食风险评估

目的评价蔬菜生产中6种常用杀虫剂5%啶虫脒乳油、15%哒螨灵水乳剂、20%溴氰虫酰胺可分散油悬浮剂、30%唑虫酰胺悬浮剂、22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂和60g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂在十字花科蔬菜上海青中的残留消解动态,评估其膳食摄入风险。方法于2018年4~10月在福州采用喷雾的施药方法进行了6种药剂在上海青上的残留试验,通过超高效液相-串联质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)检测6种药剂在上海青中的残留量,并对6种药剂可能产生的膳食摄入风险进行评估。结果 6种杀虫剂在上海青中的回收率在90.8%~99.6%,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)在1.1%~3.7%;啶虫脒、哒螨灵、溴氰虫酰胺、唑虫酰胺、氟啶虫胺腈、乙基多杀菌素在上海青中的降解半衰期为分别为3.6、6.2、3.6、4.6、1.7和2.9 d。用药后1~14 d,啶虫脒、哒螨灵、溴氰虫酰胺和乙基多杀菌素在上海青中的残留量均分别低于其定量限;唑虫酰胺和氟啶虫胺腈在上海青中的最高残留量分别为0.5136 mg/kg和1.4488 mg/kg;6种药剂在上海青中残留的风险商值(risk quotient, RQ)均<1。结论 6种药剂在上海青中的最终残留均低于我国在《食品中农药最大残留限量》中规定的其在蔬菜(叶菜类)中最高残留限量(maximum residue limits, MRLs), 6种药剂的膳食暴露风险较低,残留处于安全水平。     

气相色谱法快速测定蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物

目的建立气相色谱法同时快速测定蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物残留量的分析方法。方法鸡蛋中的氟虫腈及其代谢物氟甲腈、氟虫腈硫醚、氟虫腈砜残留经乙腈提取,盐析,固相萃取小柱净化,采用气相色谱电子捕获检测器进行分离和测定,外标法定量。结果氟虫腈及其代谢物氟甲腈、氟虫腈硫醚、氟虫腈砜的检出限为0.2μg/kg,在0.2~200μg/kg范围内,线性相关系数大于0.9995。在所添加3个质量浓度水平下,方法的回收率在75.1%~102.0%,相对标准偏差为4.3%~6.4%。结论该方法简便、准确、重现性好,适合对蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物进行有效监测。     

鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物残留分析方法

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术,以鸡蛋为研究对象,建立一种高效测定鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物残留测定方法。样品用乙腈提取,并通过固相萃取技术对样品进行净化处理,供超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪进行检测。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效地分离和测定氟虫腈及其代谢物残留。在3 个不同的添加水平（0.005、0.010、0.020 mg/kg）下,4 种农药的回收率范围为81.3%～92.5%,相对标准偏差均低于5.5%。;在0.001～0.050 μg/mL 浓度范围内,线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.990 4;氟虫腈、氟甲腈、氟虫腈砜与氟虫腈亚砜的检出限分别为0.001、0.002、0.002、0.002 mg/kg。该方法准确、灵敏、快速,可满足对鸡蛋中氟虫腈、氟甲腈、氟虫腈砜与氟虫腈亚砜4 种药物残留的检测需要。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定果蔬中氟啶虫胺腈、Pyrifluquinazon和螺虫乙酯残留量

建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时测定蔬菜和水果中氟啶虫胺腈、Pyrifluquinazon和螺虫乙酯残留量的分析方法。样品经乙腈均质提取,混合使用乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷和十八烷基硅烷基质分散净化剂净化,以C18色谱柱分离待测物,采用电喷雾离子化,正离子扫描和动态多反应监测模式检测,基质匹配标准溶液外标法定量。氟啶虫胺腈在0.2～100?μg/L之间,Pyrifluquinazon在0.02～10?μg/L之间,螺虫乙酯在0.1～10?μg/L之间的范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999?0。在4个添加水平进行氟啶虫胺腈、Pyrifluquinazon和螺虫乙酯添加回收率实验,平均添加回收率在79.9%～103.9%之间,相对标准偏差在3.3%～8.8%之间。氟啶虫胺腈、Pyrifluquinazon和螺虫乙酯的方法定量限分别为0.334、0.040?5?μg/kg和0.378?μg/kg,检出限分别为0.100、0.012?2?μg/kg和0.133?μg/kg。该方法快速简便、定量准确,可满足多种蔬菜和水果中氟啶虫胺腈、Pyrifluquinazon和螺虫乙酯3?种杀虫剂的残留检测要求。     

QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测禽源性食品中氟虫腈及其代谢物

建立QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测禽源性食品中氟虫腈及其代谢物的方法。采用Plackett-Burman试验和Box-Behnken试验筛选和优化QuEChERS前处理方法中的显著影响因素。最终优化条件：样品用乙腈超声提取,后用NaCl、无水MgSO4盐析分层,提取液再用碳十八键合锆胶（Z-Sep+）、多壁碳纳米管进行净化,净化液用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析测定,采用基质加标曲线进行定量测定。结果表明,在鸡蛋、鸡肉、鸡肝基质中氟虫腈、氟甲腈、氟虫腈砜、氟虫腈亚的平均加标回收率在78.9%～113.5%之间,相对标准偏差在2.10%～7.60%之间,检出限在0.1～0.2 μg/kg之间,定量限为0.5 μg/kg。此方法可有效降低禽源性食品中基质效应,具有高灵敏度、精密度、准确度,可用于禽类食品中氟虫腈及其代谢物残留的快速定量测定。     

超低温冷冻-QuEChERS-气相色谱-负化学源-质谱联用法测定糟蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物

目的 建立一种气相色谱-负化学源-质谱联用法检测平湖糟蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物的测定方法。方法 样品经乙腈提取后,利用超低温冷冻去脂和QuEChERS分散固相萃取净化。采用负化学源（negative?chemical?ionization, NCI）并以选择离子监测模式（selected ion monitoring, SIM）对氟虫腈及其代谢物的定量离子和定性离子进行监测,基质匹配标准曲线法定量。结果 氟虫腈及其代谢物在0.5～10 μg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数均大于0.999,检出限在0.050～0.102 μg/kg范围内。样品添加浓度在2～10 μg/kg范围时,其回收率为94.5%～117.9%, 相对标准偏差为2.05%～5.30%（n=6）。结论 本方法快速、简便、灵敏, 测定结果准确可靠,满足糟蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物残留量的测定。     

常用消毒灭菌法及其机理与应用

介绍了采用消毒灭菌方法,有加热消毒法,紫外线辐射法和化学药剂消毒法。常用化学药剂有醛类、含氯消毒剂、醇类消毒剂以及高锰酸钾、生石灰等,阐释了消毒与灭菌两个概念的区别。     

Probiotics and prebiotics--perspectives and challenges

Owing to their health benefits, probiotics and prebiotics are nowadays widely used in yogurts and fermented milks, which are leader products of functional foods worldwide. The world market for functional foods has grown rapidly in the last three decades, with an estimated size in 2003 of ca US$ 33 billion, while the European market estimation exceeded US$ 2 billion in the same year. However, the production of probiotics and prebiotics at industrial scale faces several challenges, including the search for economical and abundant raw materials for prebiotic production, the low-cost production of probiotics and the improvement of probiotic viability after storage or during the manufacturing process of the functional food. In this review, functional foods based on probiotics and prebiotics are introduced as a key biotechnological field with tremendous potential for innovation. A concise state of the art addressing the fundamentals and challenges for the development of new probiotic- and prebiotic-based foods is presented, the niches for future research being clearly identified and discussed.     

益生素、益生菌与结肠癌

介绍了益生素和益生菌及其作用机理。在动物模型中，有大量的数据证实益生素和益生菌能够预防癌症．而在人体内还没有直接实验证据。它们抑制癌症的确切机理目前尚不清楚，其抑制机理可能是：肠道菌群代谢活动的改变，肠道理化环境的改变，潜在的致癌物质的黏附和降解，肠道菌群的改变、抗癌或抗诱变物质的形成、提高宿主的免疫应答、影响宿主的生理活动以及发酵不能被消化的食物并形成有益代谢产物。     

毛霉型低盐速成豆豉工业化生产工艺与设备

本文介绍了毛霉型低盐速成豆豉的工业化生产工艺及生产线的关键设备。     

节能节水型印染助剂和设备的现状

从节能、节水、缩短工艺流程和环保的角度出发，介绍了国内外研制开发的一系列新型节能、节水型印染助剂和染整设备。     

European citizen and consumer attitudes and preferences regarding beef and pork

This paper presents the combined mid-term findings of the consumer research components of two EU Sixth Framework Programme integrated projects concerning meat, ProSafeBeef and Q-PorkChains. The consumer pillar of ProSafeBeef carried out eight focus group discussions in May 2008, in France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Q-PorkChains conducted a large-scale, web-based, consumer survey in January 2008 in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece and Poland. The first project provides a set of qualitative data from a small cohort of focus groups and the second a set of quantitative data from a larger consumer sample. This paper draws together the main findings of both projects and provides a comprehensive overview of European citizens’ and consumers’ attitudes towards and preferences regarding beef and pork. In general, consumers consider meat to be a healthy and important component of the diet. Consumers support the development of technologies that can improve the health attributes of meat products and guarantee eating quality, but they have a negative view of what they see to be excessive manipulation and lack of naturalness in the production and processing of beef products. In the Q-PorkChains study consumer and citizen segments are identified and profiled. Consumer segments were built upon the frequency and variety of pork consumption. The citizen segments were built upon their attitudes towards pig production systems. Overall, the relationship between individuals’ views as citizens and their behaviour as consumers was found to be quite weak and did not appear to greatly or systematically influence meat-buying habits. Future studies in both projects will concentrate on consumers’ acceptance of innovative meat product concepts and products, with the aim of boosting consumer trust and invigorating the European beef and pork industries.     

Heritability and correlations for body condition score and dairy form within and across lactation and age

The objectives of the current study were to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and dairy form and changes in genetic parameters for BCS and dairy form within and across lactations and age. Body condition score and dairy form were obtained from the Holstein Association USA, Inc. Records were edited to include those cows classified between 24 and 60 mo of age and between 0 and 335 d in milk (DIM). A minimum of 20 daughters per sire and 15 cows per herd-classification visit were required. The dataset consisted of 135,178 records from 119,215 cows. Repeatability, multiple trait, and random regression models were used to analyze the data. All models included fixed effects for herd-classification visit, age within lactations 1, 2, and 3 or higher, and 5th-order polynomials for DIM. Random effects included sire and permanent environment for all models. Random regression models included age at classification nested within sire or DIM and lactation number nested within sire. Genetic variance for both BCS and dairy form was lowest in early lactation and highest in midlactation. Genetic correlations within and across lactations were high. The genetic correlation between DIM 0 in lactation 1 and DIM 305 in lactation 3 was estimated to be 0.77 for BCS and 0.60 for dairy form. The genetic correlation estimate between 30 mo of age at classification and 50 mo of age at classification was 0.94 for both dairy form and BCS. The repeatability models appeared to generate accurate evaluations for BCS or dairy form at all ages and stages of lactation.     

原花色素及其开发应用

对原花色素的结构、化学特性、制备、分析方法、应用前景作一综述,并重点讨论其生理功能,为在功能性食品、药物、化妆品等领域的深入研究和开发提供参考。     

天然香精香料与生物技术

天然香精香料是高价值的精细化工产品和食品添加剂,但原料来源有限且提取成本高。利用生物技术生产这类产品具有广阔的前景。简述了发酵工程、酶工程、细胞工程和基因工程在香精香料中的应用,并探讨了生物技术在香精香料中的应用前景。     

组学技术与果蔬采后质量和安全控制

果蔬可以提供营养, 有利于人类健康, 而果蔬的后熟及其与环境的相互作用会影响果蔬采后的质量和安全。对果蔬生物学过程的了解和掌握是减少果蔬采后损失和保障果蔬采后质量和安全的关键。在过去的10多年, 基于组学技术的系统生物学在了解果蔬后熟及其与环境相互作用的分子机制方面得到了越来越多的应用。本文对此做了细致的总结, 指出了存在的不足, 并提出了未来的发展方向。