玉米薄饼贮藏品质分析及货架期预测模型建立

为探索玉米薄饼贮藏品质变化规律,以玉米粉和小麦粉为原料制备韧性玉米薄饼,研究玉米薄饼贮藏14 d内感官品质、理化指标、微生物指标、质构及老化特性的变化,探讨影响玉米薄饼贮藏品质变化的主要因素,建立玉米薄饼货架期预测模型。结果表明：贮藏在4、25 ℃和40 ℃ 3 种温度条件下,玉米薄饼的酸值、过氧化值、菌落总数、热焓值、b*值随贮藏时间的延长逐渐增大;韧性、延展性、L*值、a*值、感官评分逐渐降低。通过相关性分析得出菌落总数可以作为反映玉米薄饼贮藏货架期的品质因子,建立不同温度条件下菌落总数生长动力学模型及随贮藏温度变化的动力学模型,其准确因子为1.126～1.281,偏差因子为0.899～1.051。在此基础上建立韧性玉米薄饼货架期预测模型,预测值和实际值的相对误差为－4.10%～2.91%,模型能够快速可靠地预测饼的货架期,可为玉米饼及相关制品的工业化生产提供技术和理论依据。     

冷却猪肉货架期预测模型建立及验证

建立针对不同贮藏温度下冷却猪肉的货架期预测模型,为猪肉贮藏和物流过程中品质评价、货架期预测提供技术支持。分析了0,2,4,6,8,10℃不同贮藏温度下猪肉的挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、pH值、色差(a*)、水分活度(Aw)与感官评定结果的相关性,利用一级反应动力学方程和Arrhenius方程求得TVB-N变化反应的活化能(E0)为87.19 kJ/mol,指前因子(k0)为2.169×1014,速率常数k为2.169×1014e-87190/RT,在此基础上建立了以TVBN为指标的冷却猪肉货架期预测模型。在0,4,8,10℃贮藏条件下对TVB-N预测模型进行验证,相对误差均小于10%,准确度和偏差度均为1.03,在可接受范围内。TVB-N是预测冷却猪肉货架期的有效指标,用其建立的货架期预测模型准确实用。     

油炸裹糊牡蛎贮藏品质的变化与货架期预测

为探讨油炸裹糊牡蛎的货架寿命,以感官评分、pH、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen, TVB-N）含量、菌落总数为指标,研究在4、15、25 ℃下贮藏的油炸裹糊牡蛎的品质变化规律,建立并验证油炸裹糊牡蛎在4～25 ℃贮藏温度下的货架期预测模型。结果表明:随贮藏时间的延长,油炸裹糊牡蛎的感官评分不断下降,pH呈先下降后上升的趋势,TVB-N含量和菌落总数不断增加,且贮藏温度越高,变化越快。感官评分与TVB-N含量的相关性较pH与菌落总数的高,以TVB-N含量作为关键品质指标,建立的油炸裹糊牡蛎货架期预测模型预测的货架期相对误差小于6%,可用于快速准确地预测4～25 ℃贮藏温度下油炸裹糊牡蛎的货架寿命。     

荸荠皮提取物对冷却猪肉保鲜效果的影响

为考察荸荠皮提取物对冷却猪肉货架期品质变化的影响,将冷却猪肉分别用0.2%,0.4%,0.6%和0.8%的荸荠皮提取液浸渍处理,并置于4℃贮藏,分别进行感官评价、理化(p H、TVB-N值、TBA值)及微生物(菌落总数)指标测定。结果表明,荸荠皮提取物对冷却猪肉具有明显的保鲜作用,能保持猪肉良好的感官品质,延缓各项指标的上升。0.8%的处理液保鲜效果最明显,能使猪肉的冷藏货架期延长至15 d。     

即食中华管鞭虾贮藏品质变化及其货架期研究

目的 探究贮藏期间,不同温度下(4、15、25和37℃)即食中华管鞭虾肌肉品质变化情况,并构建即食中华管鞭虾的货架期模型。方法 以即食中华管鞭虾为研究对象,测定不同温度下虾仁肌肉中挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen, TVB-N)含量、菌落总数、硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid, TBA)值、色差、pH、持水力和感官评分变化,以虾仁肌肉TVB-N构建货架期模型。结果 随着贮藏时间的延长,不同温度下贮藏的即食中华管鞭虾肌肉TVB-N含量、菌落总数、TBA值和b*值均呈上升趋势;肌肉pH呈先下降后上升趋势;肌肉L*值和感官评分呈下降趋势,且贮藏温度越高,即食中华管鞭虾虾仁肌肉品质劣化越快。此外,受贮藏温度影响,4和15℃贮藏的虾仁肌肉持水力呈先上升后下降的趋势,而25和37℃贮藏虾仁肌肉持水力呈下降趋势。采用Pearson相关系数分析,确定了TVB-N含量和菌落总数为虾仁肌肉品质变化的关键性因子,其变化特征符合一级动力学模型。Arrhenius方程结果显示,虾仁TVB-N值的拟合精度更高,用TVB-N值建立货架期模型结果更为准确。通过模型验证发现,以虾仁肌肉TVB-N含量建立的货架期模型能够较为准确的预测其货架期。结论 贮藏温度升高会加速即食中华管鞭虾品质的劣化。4~37℃贮藏时,以虾仁肌肉TVB-N含量建立的货架期模型可较为准确地预测其货架期。     

仙草胶/酪蛋白复合膜对冷却猪肉保鲜效果的影响

研究了仙草胶/酪蛋白复合膜对鲜猪肉在冷藏期间保鲜效果的影响。测定了在(4±1)℃冷藏期间,经不同保藏处理(无覆膜保鲜、酪蛋白膜覆膜保鲜、仙草胶/酪蛋白复合膜覆膜保鲜)猪肉的挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)含量、硫代巴比妥酸反应(thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances,TBARS)值、色泽度(L*值、a*值、b*值和ΔE值)、韧性和菌落总数的变化情况。结果表明:仙草胶/酪蛋白复合膜处理组的冷却猪肉品质较其他两组好。经仙草胶/酪蛋白复合膜包裹的冷却猪肉在4℃下保存10 d后,其菌落总数、TVB-N值和TBARS值等指标仍在新鲜肉的标准范围内,其贮藏期比酪蛋白膜处理组和对照组分别延长了2 d和4d。这表明添加仙草胶可有效提高酪蛋白可食性膜的抗菌和抗氧化活性。利用仙草胶/酪蛋白复合膜包裹冷却猪肉能有效控制猪肉的TVB-N值、TBARS值、色泽和韧性的变化,减缓了贮藏过程中猪肉的脂肪氧化和菌落总数的上升,提高了冷却猪肉贮藏过程中的品质并延长货架期。     

牛肉玻璃化冻藏温度对肉品质的影响

利用差示扫描量热法(DSC)测量出牛肉玻璃态转化温度(glass transition temperature,T_g)为-14℃。将牛肉贮藏在-10℃(T_g)、-14℃(=T_g)、-18℃和-22℃(﹤T_g)条件下7个月,通过测定贮藏过程中颜色参数、嫩度、菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮(volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N)的变化研究玻璃态贮藏对牛肉品质的影响,并建立牛肉品质(TVB-N)的动力学模型,对货架期进行预测。结果表明,-14、-18、-22℃贮藏牛肉,随时间的延长,L*值较稳定,a*值先增大后减小,b*逐渐增大;-10℃L*值下降幅度大,a*值逐渐降低。4种贮藏温度下牛肉的剪切力均先增大后减小;菌落总数整体呈上升趋势;TVB-N值随贮藏时间的延长逐渐增加。根据Arrhenius方程,以TVB-N为指标建立预测冻藏牛肉货架期的动力学模型。得到Ea值为0.2 kJ/mol,指前因子K0为0.004 2。     

荧光假单胞菌和热杀索丝菌对低温贮藏期间猪肉品质变化的影响

为研究荧光假单胞菌和热杀索丝菌与猪肉品质变化的相关性,测定了在4 ℃下贮藏猪肉的微生物菌落数、pH值、色泽（L*、a*、b*值）、质构特性、总糖含量、总挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）值和硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS）值以及通过扫描电子显微镜观察猪肉肌纤维微观结构的变化。结果表明,在冷藏期间,微生物菌落数、pH值、TVB-N值、TBARS值等随着猪肉冷藏时间延长而上升,而总糖含量、L*值、a*值、硬度、咀嚼性均呈降低趋势。同时,研究发现猪肉冷藏过程中微生物的生长繁殖使其肌纤维结构发生明显变化。猪肉理化品质变化与微生物的种类和生长速率相关,热杀索丝菌的致腐败能力高于假单胞菌。相关性分析结果表明,菌落数、pH值、总糖含量、TVB-N值、TBARS值与冷藏时间密切相关,其中微生物菌落数与冷藏时间的相关性最高,可作为冷藏猪肉品质评价和货架期预测的监测指标。     

大菱鲆微冻贮藏过程中的品质变化规律

以微生物、理化和感官为指标,对大菱鲆在-2℃微冻贮藏过程中的品质变化进行了研究。试验结果表明,大菱鲆在-2℃贮藏时其货架期可达到20 d。货架期终点时菌落总数为5.99 ln(CFU/g),pH值为6.88,TVB-N值为37.08 mg N/100 g,TBA值为1.81 mg MDA/kg。硬度、弹性和色差b*值与贮藏时间呈显著负相关。电子鼻LA分析结果与贮藏期鱼肉品质变化相吻合。     

南方大口鲶在微冻和冻藏条件下鲜度及品质的变化

为研究3种贮藏温度对南方鲶品质变化的影响,分别对微冻(-3℃)和冻藏(-18、-25℃)条件下南方大口鲶的菌落总数、pH、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)值、K值、色差值、弹性、硬度等指标的变化进行研究,并结合感官评价分析其新鲜度。结果表明:贮藏温度越低,各指标变化趋势越慢;随贮藏时间的延长,3种贮藏温度下南方大口鲶的感官评分、亮度值L*、弹性值及硬度值均不断降低,菌落总数、TVB-N、K值和黄蓝值b*均呈上升趋势,pH均呈先降低后增高的V型变化趋势。综合各指标的实验结果得到:南方鲶-3℃微冻贮藏下货架期为18 d;冻藏组在实验终点(60 d)并未出现腐败变质的情况;与微冻相比,冻藏能明显延长南方鲶的贮藏期。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.