蛋清肽的工艺优化、抗氧化作用及特性

以对DPPH自由基清除率为考察指标,筛选适宜蛋清肽制备蛋白酶。研究酶活、温度、蛋清含量及pH值对蛋清肽清除DPPH自由基的影响,利用正交试验探讨制备蛋清抗氧化肽的最佳工艺;以抗坏血酸(VC)为对照,研究蛋清肽总还原力大小、对羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基的清除作用及对脂质过氧化的抑制作用;研究蛋清肽的部分特性。结果表明:风味蛋白酶适宜蛋清肽的制备,酶解时间选择90 min。最佳工艺为:pH 5,45℃,蛋清体积分数8%,酶活1 125 U。此条件下对DPPH自由基清除率为53.273%。蛋清肽对羟自由基(0.308 4～1.542 mg/mL)、超氧阴离子自由基(0.089～0.443 mg/mL)具有一定的清除能力,清除率随其质量浓度的增大而增加,且具有一定的还原力。对羟自由基,VC的IC50=0.092 mg/mL,蛋清肽IC50=1.24 mg/mL,对超氧阴离子自由基,VC的IC50=0.021 6 mg/mL,蛋清肽的IC50=0.054 mg/mL。在0.667～10.667 mg/mL范围内,蛋清肽对脂质过氧化的抑制作用随其质量浓度增加而减小,在0.667～10.667μg/mL范围内反而具有促进脂质过氧化作用。蛋清肽等电点在pH 3左右,其对羟自由基清除率随温度增加逐渐下降;在pH 2～10范围内,其溶解度几乎成线性增加。     

牦牛血抗氧化肽制备方法对比及分离纯化研究

为研究牦牛血抗氧化肽最佳制备方法,以牦牛血为原料,分别采用枯草芽孢杆菌发酵法、碱性蛋白酶解法、菌酶联合法制备3种牦牛血抗氧化肽,依次简写为BF、AP、BA。应用羟基自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子自由基(·O_2-)清除能力,脂质过氧化抑制能力、还原力4种体外抗氧化实验,对比3种牦牛血抗氧化肽的抗氧化活性。以超滤、凝胶层析法对制备的较高活性产物进行分离。结果表明:3种抗氧化肽活性大小为BABFAP,BA有最大的·O_2-清除能力、脂质过氧化抑制能力及还原力,表明制备牦牛血抗氧化肽的最佳制备方法为菌酶联合法;超滤分离菌酶联合制备产物获得分子量5 kD的抗氧化肽活性高于分子量10 kDa、介于5~10 kDa的抗氧化肽,对·OH的IC50值为1.62 mg/mL;该组分经凝胶层析分离后得到4个组分,其最高活性组分Ⅰ对·OH的IC50值达到0.72 mg/mL。     

棉籽肽的制备工艺、抗氧化活性及部分特性研究

以水解度(DH)及DPPH·清除率为考察指标,利用单因素实验和正交实验探讨碱性蛋白酶酶解棉籽蛋白制备棉籽肽的最佳工艺条件。以VC为对照研究了棉籽肽的总还原力、对·OH及O-2·的清除作用及部分特性。结果表明,棉籽肽的最佳制备条件为:反应时间180 min,p H 9.5,温度55℃,底物质量浓度3.00 mg/m L,碱性蛋白酶加酶量50 U/m L。在最佳条件下,棉籽肽的DPPH·清除率为63.42%,DH为85.90%。棉籽肽的·OH及O-2·清除率均随其质量浓度增大而增强,半数抑制浓度(IC50)分别为0.044 mg/m L和0.046 mg/m L,且均强于VC。棉籽肽总还原力与其质量浓度呈剂量依赖关系,稍弱于VC。棉籽肽等电点约为p H 2,不同p H下,棉籽肽的·OH清除率均在60 min时达到最大,但在不同温度下,棉籽肽·OH清除率随时间变化不大,60℃时达到最大值。     

黄鳍金枪鱼皮胶原肽酶解工艺及抗氧化活性研究

以金枪鱼皮为原料,以肽得率、水解度和感官评价为指标,确定金枪鱼皮胶原肽酶解的最优工艺条件是:中性蛋白酶,酶解时间4 h,酶添加量1 000 U/g,此时肽得率29.03%。体外抗氧化能力测定结果:金枪鱼皮胶原蛋白酶解物具有一定的抗氧化活性,总还原力是VC总还原力的60%;与VC相比,DPPH·清除率(IC50=0.43 mg/m L)、O22-清除率(IC50=3.67 mg/m L)、卵磷脂过氧化物清除率(IC50=14.67 mg/m L)较低,·OH清除率(IC50=0.39 mg/m L)、H2O2清除率(IC50=0.05 g/m L)较高。该酶解物能显著降低油脂的过氧化值,然而降低幅度略低于VC。     

羊栖菜岩藻黄质色素的抗氧化性研究

为研究羊栖菜超临界CO2提取的岩藻黄质色素粗品的抗氧化活性,首先应用分光光度法测定了岩藻黄质粗品的还原能力、对DPPH·清除率以及抗脂质过氧化功能,再通过化学发光法测定了岩藻黄质粗品清除．OH、O2^-．和H2O2的性能。结果表明,羊栖莱岩藻黄质色素粗品浓度与抗氧化活性均呈良好的量效关系,对·OH、O2^-、DPPH．与H2O2具有较强的清除能力,还原能力表现较弱。其中岩藻黄质粗品·OH的IC50为386．29μg/mL,清除率强于对照品Vc弱于VE;DPPH.的IC50为565.2μg／mL,约为对照品VE的211．4％;O2·的IC50为615．71μg／mL,H,0,的IC50为658．74μg／mL,清除率均小于VF、VC对照品。岩藻黄质粗品抗脂质过氧化功效为BHT的50％左右,远强于VC因此．羊栖菜岩藻黄质色素粗品具有良好的抗氧化活性,有望成为天然抗氧化剂得到开发利用．     

草鱼源抗氧化肽的响应面法优化制备及活性评价

用5种蛋白酶(木瓜蛋白酶、Neutrase 1.5MG、菠萝蛋白酶、PTN6.0及Alcalase 2.4L)分别酶解草鱼肉糜制备抗氧化肽,发现酶解产物对DPPH自由基、羟自由基及超氧阴离子自由基清除力最强的分别是木瓜蛋白酶(IC50=2.66±0.41mg/mL)、Alcalase 2.4L(IC50=1.81±0.44mg/mL)及PTN6.0(IC50=8.57±0.32mg/mL)的酶解产物.将此三种酶进行复配,进一步用响应面分析法优化得到抗氧化肽的最佳制备条件为:酶浓度[E/S]=0.68 × 103U/g蛋白,酶解时间为3.83h,酶解温度为51.41℃,模型预测该条件下羟自由基清除力的IC50值为146.22μg/mL,而实际测定值为155.89±11.21μg/mL,与预测值吻合,且在最优条件下所得的酶解物具有较强的小鼠离体肝脂质过氧化抑制力及还原力.     

猪睾丸蛋白酶解抗氧化肽工艺优化及抗氧化研究

采用中性蛋白酶酶解猪睾丸蛋白制备抗氧化肽。以还原力为指标,通过正交实验设计,确定了酶解猪睾丸蛋白制备抗氧化肽的工艺条件:底物质量浓度8%,起始pH7.0,酶用量360U/g(新鲜猪睾丸),温度37℃,时间90min,相应指标还原力0.997。通过体外抗氧化活性的研究,发现猪睾丸抗氧化肽对.OH、H2O2、DPPH.和卵黄脂蛋白的IC50分别为0.47、0.56、0.86、0.42g/L。     

黑加仑花色苷体外抗氧化活性相关性研究

采用清除OH·能力、清除O2-·能力、抗脂质过氧化能力和还原能力对黑加仑花色苷进行体外抗氧化活性的研究,并对这4种抗氧化方法进行相关性分析.结果表明,黑加仑花色苷具有良好的抗氧化活性.黑加仑花色苷含量与OH·清除率、O2-·清除率、抗脂质过氧化抑制率和还原能力有显著的相关性(相关系数r分别为0.9992、0.9858、0.9742、0.9976),呈明显的量效关系.OH·清除能力、O2-·清除能力及抗脂质过氧化能力的IC50值分别为5 1.66μg/mL、107.82.μg/mL、90.52μg/mL.进行4种抗氧化方法的相关性分析,其中还原能力和脂质过氧化抑制率的相关性最高(r=0.9970),O2-·清除率和脂质过氧化抑制率的相关性最低(r=0.9498).     

山楂原花青素的抗氧化活性研究

研究了山楂果实中的原花青素在溶液体系和脂质体体系中的体外抗氧化活性。在所用的实验模型中,山楂原花青素表现出较强的清除自由基和抑制脂质过氧化的能力。对.OH,山楂原花青素和Vc的IC50分别约为0.053mg/mL和0.11mg/mL;对O2-.,山楂原花青素和VC的IC50分别约为0.05mg/mL和0.17mg/mL。在脂质体体系中,山楂原花青素抑制脂质过氧化的能力远大于VE。     

蚕豆壳中原花青素的提取及抗氧化性研究

从蚕豆壳中提取原花青素,研究了原花青素粗提物对·OH和DPPH·的清除能力、还原能力以及抗脂质过氧化能力.结果显示,粗提物浓度在0.05mg/mL时,对·OH的清除率达到92.00%;浓度在0.10mg/mL时.对DPPH·的清除率达到90.87%;浓度在0.20mg/mL时,对脂质过氧化的抑制率达到56.41%.此外,原花青素粗提物还具有一定的还原能力.实验结果表明,从蚕豆壳中提取的原花青素粗提物具有较强的体外抗氧化活性.     

Probiotics and prebiotics--perspectives and challenges

Owing to their health benefits, probiotics and prebiotics are nowadays widely used in yogurts and fermented milks, which are leader products of functional foods worldwide. The world market for functional foods has grown rapidly in the last three decades, with an estimated size in 2003 of ca US$ 33 billion, while the European market estimation exceeded US$ 2 billion in the same year. However, the production of probiotics and prebiotics at industrial scale faces several challenges, including the search for economical and abundant raw materials for prebiotic production, the low-cost production of probiotics and the improvement of probiotic viability after storage or during the manufacturing process of the functional food. In this review, functional foods based on probiotics and prebiotics are introduced as a key biotechnological field with tremendous potential for innovation. A concise state of the art addressing the fundamentals and challenges for the development of new probiotic- and prebiotic-based foods is presented, the niches for future research being clearly identified and discussed.     

常用消毒灭菌法及其机理与应用

介绍了采用消毒灭菌方法,有加热消毒法,紫外线辐射法和化学药剂消毒法。常用化学药剂有醛类、含氯消毒剂、醇类消毒剂以及高锰酸钾、生石灰等,阐释了消毒与灭菌两个概念的区别。     

European citizen and consumer attitudes and preferences regarding beef and pork

This paper presents the combined mid-term findings of the consumer research components of two EU Sixth Framework Programme integrated projects concerning meat, ProSafeBeef and Q-PorkChains. The consumer pillar of ProSafeBeef carried out eight focus group discussions in May 2008, in France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Q-PorkChains conducted a large-scale, web-based, consumer survey in January 2008 in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece and Poland. The first project provides a set of qualitative data from a small cohort of focus groups and the second a set of quantitative data from a larger consumer sample. This paper draws together the main findings of both projects and provides a comprehensive overview of European citizens’ and consumers’ attitudes towards and preferences regarding beef and pork. In general, consumers consider meat to be a healthy and important component of the diet. Consumers support the development of technologies that can improve the health attributes of meat products and guarantee eating quality, but they have a negative view of what they see to be excessive manipulation and lack of naturalness in the production and processing of beef products. In the Q-PorkChains study consumer and citizen segments are identified and profiled. Consumer segments were built upon the frequency and variety of pork consumption. The citizen segments were built upon their attitudes towards pig production systems. Overall, the relationship between individuals’ views as citizens and their behaviour as consumers was found to be quite weak and did not appear to greatly or systematically influence meat-buying habits. Future studies in both projects will concentrate on consumers’ acceptance of innovative meat product concepts and products, with the aim of boosting consumer trust and invigorating the European beef and pork industries.     

益生素、益生菌与结肠癌

介绍了益生素和益生菌及其作用机理。在动物模型中，有大量的数据证实益生素和益生菌能够预防癌症．而在人体内还没有直接实验证据。它们抑制癌症的确切机理目前尚不清楚，其抑制机理可能是：肠道菌群代谢活动的改变，肠道理化环境的改变，潜在的致癌物质的黏附和降解，肠道菌群的改变、抗癌或抗诱变物质的形成、提高宿主的免疫应答、影响宿主的生理活动以及发酵不能被消化的食物并形成有益代谢产物。     

节能节水型印染助剂和设备的现状

从节能、节水、缩短工艺流程和环保的角度出发，介绍了国内外研制开发的一系列新型节能、节水型印染助剂和染整设备。     

原花色素及其开发应用

对原花色素的结构、化学特性、制备、分析方法、应用前景作一综述,并重点讨论其生理功能,为在功能性食品、药物、化妆品等领域的深入研究和开发提供参考。     

天然香精香料与生物技术

天然香精香料是高价值的精细化工产品和食品添加剂,但原料来源有限且提取成本高。利用生物技术生产这类产品具有广阔的前景。简述了发酵工程、酶工程、细胞工程和基因工程在香精香料中的应用,并探讨了生物技术在香精香料中的应用前景。     

毛霉型低盐速成豆豉工业化生产工艺与设备

本文介绍了毛霉型低盐速成豆豉的工业化生产工艺及生产线的关键设备。     

组学技术与果蔬采后质量和安全控制

果蔬可以提供营养, 有利于人类健康, 而果蔬的后熟及其与环境的相互作用会影响果蔬采后的质量和安全。对果蔬生物学过程的了解和掌握是减少果蔬采后损失和保障果蔬采后质量和安全的关键。在过去的10多年, 基于组学技术的系统生物学在了解果蔬后熟及其与环境相互作用的分子机制方面得到了越来越多的应用。本文对此做了细致的总结, 指出了存在的不足, 并提出了未来的发展方向。     

Heritability and correlations for body condition score and dairy form within and across lactation and age

The objectives of the current study were to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and dairy form and changes in genetic parameters for BCS and dairy form within and across lactations and age. Body condition score and dairy form were obtained from the Holstein Association USA, Inc. Records were edited to include those cows classified between 24 and 60 mo of age and between 0 and 335 d in milk (DIM). A minimum of 20 daughters per sire and 15 cows per herd-classification visit were required. The dataset consisted of 135,178 records from 119,215 cows. Repeatability, multiple trait, and random regression models were used to analyze the data. All models included fixed effects for herd-classification visit, age within lactations 1, 2, and 3 or higher, and 5th-order polynomials for DIM. Random effects included sire and permanent environment for all models. Random regression models included age at classification nested within sire or DIM and lactation number nested within sire. Genetic variance for both BCS and dairy form was lowest in early lactation and highest in midlactation. Genetic correlations within and across lactations were high. The genetic correlation between DIM 0 in lactation 1 and DIM 305 in lactation 3 was estimated to be 0.77 for BCS and 0.60 for dairy form. The genetic correlation estimate between 30 mo of age at classification and 50 mo of age at classification was 0.94 for both dairy form and BCS. The repeatability models appeared to generate accurate evaluations for BCS or dairy form at all ages and stages of lactation.