橡木桶对葡萄酒品质的影响

橡木桶对葡萄酒的香气、色泽和稳定性有重要的作用。葡萄酒在橡木桶中经过氧化、浸渍等反应,可以有效改善葡萄酒品质。该文综述了橡木的种类、橡木桶的容量、橡木的烘烤程度对葡萄酒的品质的影响,并对生产中如何选择橡木桶提出合理建议。旨在进一步探究橡木桶在葡萄酒成熟中的作用。     

不同产地橡木桶对干红原酒陈酿品质的影响

橡木桶的微氧化作用对提升葡萄酒品质有较好的作用,橡木桶产地不同特性不同。在烘烤程度、储存环境和陈酿时间均相同的情况下,研究不同产地来源橡木桶对干红葡萄酒品质的影响,研究表明:不同产地橡木桶对葡萄酒香气和口感影响差异较大,法国产橡木桶香气优雅细致,易与葡萄酒的果香、酒香融为一体,美国产橡木桶的香气浓烈,易游离于葡萄酒的果香和酒香之上。另外,同是美国产地的东部和西部橡木桶虽橡木香气类型一致,但在橡木浓郁度和口感结构强弱方面仍有差异,美国东部橡木香果香融合较好,酒体单宁紧实度和收敛性好于美国西部桶。此研究为后续葡萄酒选择不同产地的橡木桶提供参考依据。     

橡木桶与葡萄酒

橡木桶的使用推动了葡萄酒酿造技术的发展和葡萄酒质量的提高。按橡木桶内部烘烤程度，橡木桶分为微烤橡木桶、中火烘烤橡木桶和强烤橡木桶。用橡木桶发酵和贮存葡萄酒过程中，橡木内酯、丁子香酚、香草醛、单宁等成分溶入葡萄酒中，可增加葡萄酒的香味成分和提高酒的稳定性。     

橡木片的选择与使用方法

要酿造好的葡萄酒、白兰地，橡木桶的贮藏陈酿是必不可少的一个重要环节。但橡木桶的造价很高，有效使用期却很短，从而大幅度提高了葡萄酒、白兰地的生产成本。我国有为数众多的中小型葡萄酒厂，由于资金不足，无力购买橡木桶。采用便宜的橡木片酿造葡萄酒和白兰地，是解决此问题的最佳选择。1 橡木片与橡木桶的比较1.1 橡木片与橡木桶使用相同的材料，但橡木片的处理工艺、烘烤火候，比橡木桶更合理，更恰到好处，因而橡木片的有效成分更纯正、更丰满。1.2 用橡木桶贮藏葡萄酒、白兰地，真正起作用的，只是与酒接触的橡木桶的内焦烤面…     

橡木桶陈酿对红葡萄酒中白藜芦醇含量的影响

研究了不同产地橡木材质、不同容积的橡木桶对梅鹿辄干红葡萄酒进行陈酿处理后干红葡萄酒中白藜芦醇含量的影响。试验结果表明,使用法国卢浮橡材质橡木桶陈酿的干红葡萄酒比美国白栎材质橡木桶的白黎芦醇含量高0．06mg／L;使用225L橡木桶陈酿的干红葡萄酒比300L的橡木桶的白黎芦醇含量高0．03mg/L。     

橡木桶陈酿对葡萄酒质量的影响

橡木桶对葡萄酒的香气、色泽和稳定性有重要的影响,同时,橡木桶也使葡萄酒经历一个自然的澄清过程.陈酿型的葡萄酒质量受诸多因素的影响,主要是橡木桶的成分、葡萄酒成分及陈酿时间.总结了橡木桶贮藏对葡萄酒质量的影响因素;提出橡木桶贮藏过程中对葡萄酒造成不愉快味道的主要成分是乙烯基苯酚类物质;提出橡木桶和酵母酒泥对葡萄酒香味成分吸附作用及葡萄酒陈酿的一些新技术.     

橡木桶与红葡萄酒的桶贮管理

橡木桶是贮存红葡萄酒的容器，在贮酒过程中葡萄酒发生复杂的物理、化学变化，可提高红葡萄酒的品质。世界上橡木的种类大约为250种，应用最多的是欧洲橡木和美洲橡木。酿制橡木香气浓郁的葡萄酒，宜选用美国的白栎；酿造橡木香、果香、酒香协调幽雅的葡萄酒，则选用欧洲橡木或中国橡木。桶贮管理包括酒的管理、环境管理和橡木桶的管理。（孙悟）     

橡木桶陈酿工艺对干红葡萄酒质量风格的影响

橡木桶陈酿工艺对干红葡萄酒质量的影响是一个复杂的生物化学过程,主要表现在3个方面:橡木桶的通透性可以保证葡萄酒的控制性氧化;橡木桶可给予葡萄酒很多特有的香气物质,使香气变的更加馥郁和丰富;通过影响葡萄酒中的胶体物质而影响葡萄酒的稳定性和口感。但同时,在橡木桶陈酿过程中也会给葡萄酒带来一些不愉快的味道。本文总结了橡木桶对干红葡萄酒质量的影响,提出了一些质量优化的方法,还对一些橡木桶陈酿新技术进行了探讨。     

橡木制品及其在葡萄酒酿造过程中的影响

橡木制品因其成本低廉、操作简单、可增强及改善葡萄酒等酒精饮料的感官品质而成为葡萄酒酿造过程中橡木桶的最佳替代品,解决了橡木桶成本高昂、管理和操作难度较大且使用寿命短的问题。该文对橡木制品本身及其在葡萄酒酿造过程中的应用进行综述,总结了橡木成分与葡萄酒及其他酒精饮料的相互作用,阐明了其对酒精饮料品质的影响,为橡木制品在葡萄酒实际生产中广泛应用奠定了研究基础。     

新旧橡木桶陈酿对干红葡萄酒花色苷和颜色的影响

本研究利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用（HPLC—MS）技术及CIELab法,比较了新橡木桶及使用过一年的旧橡木桶陈酿对赤霞珠干红葡萄酒花色苷含量及颜色变化的影响。结果显示：新橡木桶陈酿的红葡萄酒中单体花色苷、酰化花色苷及总花色苷的含量均低于旧橡木桶,其颜色比旧橡木桶深,红色色调较高,而黄色色调较低,但新旧橡木桶陈酿对葡萄酒花色苷及颜色的影响没有统计学上的显著性差异。研究结果为葡萄酒生产中橡木桶的合理应用提供了参考。     

橡木桶在高档陈酿型干红葡萄酒生产中的优化应用

橡木桶陈酿过程是酿造高品质葡萄酒最基本、最重要的环节。在生产高档陈酿型干红葡萄酒过程中,结合原料、发酵状况及陈酿过程中的酒体变化,分析研究陈酿过程中橡木桶的选择与陈酿管理等实际问题。由此制定出椽木桶优化应用方案,开发高档陈酿型干红葡萄酒系列产品。     

橡木桶陈酿对红葡萄酒的作用与影响的研究

阐述了木桶陈酿对红葡萄酒的微氧熟化、增强理化稳定性、改善风味特征的重要作用,同时比较了不同植物来源橡木桶呈香组份的特性,说明了木桶容积、新旧程度对陈酿效果的影响,并且提出了如何根据葡萄酒的性质选择橡木桶的建议。     

橡木桶陈酿对红葡萄酒抗氧化性的影响

采用2,2'-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸（ABTS）方法动态监测经橡木桶陈酿和未经橡木桶陈酿的红葡萄酒的反应过程,比较在测定其抗氧化活性的反应条件上的差异,从而确定适合检测的最佳反应条件,并分析橡木桶陈酿对红葡萄酒中酚类物质含量和抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,ABTS方法测定经橡木桶陈酿的红葡萄酒抗氧化活性的最佳反应时间范围是240～280 min,最佳稀释比例范围为1∶100～2∶100,未经橡木桶陈酿的最佳反应时间范围是220～260 min,最佳稀释比例范围是3∶100～4∶100,此条件下各因素与自由基清除率的线性关系R2均＞0.999。试验证明,采用合适的检测方法测定不同陈酿方式酒的抗氧化活性有利于提高检测效率和准确性,经橡木桶陈酿过的红葡萄酒中的酚类物质含量和抗氧化活性更高。     

Astringency,bitterness and color changes in dry red wines before and during oak barrel aging: An updated phenolic perspective review

To understand effects of using oak barrels on the astringency, bitterness and color of dry red wines, phenolic reactions in wines before and after barrel aging are reviewed in this paper, which has been divided into three sections. The first section includes an introduction to chemical reactivities of grape-derived phenolic compounds, a summary of the phenolic reactions that occur in dry red wines before barrel aging, and a discussion of the effects of these reactions on wine astringency, bitterness and color. The second section introduces barrel types that determine the oak barrel constituents in wines (primarily oak aldehydes and ellagitannins) and presents reactions between the oak constituents and grape-derived phenolic compounds that may modulate wine astringency, bitterness and color. The final section illustrates the chemical differences between basic oxidation and over-oxidation in wines, discusses oxygen consumption kinetics in wines during barrel aging by comparing different oxygen consumption kinetics observed previously by others, and speculates on the possible preliminary phenolic reactions that occur in dry red wines during oak barrel aging that soften tannins and stabilize pigments via basic oxidation. Additionally, sulfur dioxide (SO₂) addition during barrel aging and suitability of adopting oak barrels for aging wines are briefly discussed.     

橡木桶陈酿过程葡萄酒溶解氧的变化

研究干红葡萄酒在橡木桶中陈酿过程中溶解氧的变化。结果表明，新鲜酒入桶后，酒中的溶解氧逐渐减少，3个月后达到稳定值；在橡木桶中，距液面深度不同的葡萄酒中的溶解氧含量不同，愈深含量愈低，但溶解氧的变化趋势一致；在桶贮的初始3个月内，不同板材制作的橡木桶中酒的溶解氧含量有差异，3个月后趋于一致。     

The use of oak chips during the ageing of a red wine in stainless steel tanks or used barrels: effect of the contact time and size of the oak chips on aroma compounds

Background and Aims:  This paper reports the influence of adding oak chips to a wine being aged either in stainless steel tanks or in used barrels on aroma compounds, comparing these wines with those aged in new barrels. Both the size of the oak chips and the length of contact time were considered.
Methods and Results:  Aroma compounds were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to determine the differences in these compounds between the samples. The results showed that chips release aroma compounds into wine very rapidly, an effect that was clearly seen when they were added to the wines stored in tanks. The wines aged in new barrels continued to extract aroma compounds for a longer time, and higher concentrations were reached in these wines for most aroma compounds. Wines in used barrels with added oak chips behaved in an intermediate manner.
Conclusions:  Although overall quality is better in wines matured in new barrels, the use of oak chips could be considered a good choice for producing short-aged wines and for reusing used barrels under good sanitary conditions.
Significance of the Study:  The rapid spread of technique alternatives to oak ageing justifies studies to assess the influence of oak chips on the chemical characteristics of wines and to evaluate any differences from traditional oak ageing systems.     

制桶工艺对橡木桶所含化学组分含量的影响

制桶的选材、风干、烘烤等工艺会改变橡木桶板材所含挥发性香气物质、酚类物质等化学组分的含量，从而影响橡木桶贮酒过程对葡萄酒质量的影响。研究表明，酿制橡木香较浓郁的葡萄酒选用美国白栎较好，酿造橡木香、果香、酒香协调的葡萄酒则选择欧洲橡木较适宜：板材风干过程对橡木板材中的总酚、单宁含量及挥发性香气物质香兰素和橡木内酯（MOL）的含量均有影响；烘烤强度可改变橡木木材原有的化学组分含量，使橡木桶具有不同的呈香特性和酚类物质含量。     

Effect of oak barrel type on the volatile composition of wine: Storage time optimization

When it comes to deciding about the length of time for ageing wine in barrels it is necessary to take into account several factors such as wine composition and characteristics of barrels. Adapting wood to wine is not an easy matter. Ageing duration is highly variable depending on a wine's origin, type and quality. The aim of this study is to investigate the behaviour of new barrels and once-used barrels depending on the ageing period of wine. From the results obtained it can be seen that for ageing wine during a short period (6-9 months), there was quite a big difference in the concentration of most of the oak wood compounds between wine aged in new barrels and wine aged in once-used barrels. However, due to the chemical or biochemical transformations of certain compounds from oak wood in wine over time, their concentration in long-term ageing (12-15 months) was similar for both wine aged in new barrels and in once-used barrels. The compounds which became more exhausted from barrel use were, furanic aldehydes, phenolic alcohols, phenolic aldehydes, and oak-lactones.     

橡木桶与葡萄酒陈酿

桶木桶用于葡萄酒陈酿，存在于木桶中的挥发酚、呋喃醛、橡木内酯、萜类、单宁等由于溶解、浸渍等作用而进入到葡萄酒中，增加了酒的风味复杂性；并可防止因带菌皮而引起酒的过分还原，还可增强酒的品种香气。