基于环介导等温扩增法(LAMP)检测上海市售贝类产品中副溶血性弧菌的毒力菌株

基于环介导等温扩增法(LAMP)对上海市8-10月市售贝类产品中副溶血性弧菌毒力菌株(tdh和trh毒力基因)进行检测分析,共检测贝类样品180份,6个常规品种,实验同时采用PCR测定方法进行对比。结果表明,含tdh和trh毒力基因的副溶血性弧菌在市售贝类中的检出率分别是12.77%和11.66%,PCR的分析结果为11.11%和7.78%。对分离的毒力菌株进行血清型分型后发现了2株O3:K6型副溶血性弧菌,其中1株为毒力基因双阳性菌(tdh+/trh+)。2株O3:K6型副溶血性弧菌的PFGE条带型相似度较高(相似度90%)。这些结果表明上海市售贝类产品中副溶血性弧菌毒力菌株存在一定的污染,应引起足够重视。双阳性O3:K6型副溶血性弧菌的出现值得关注,应对各血清型菌株尤其是O3:K6型副溶血性弧菌的流行情况加强监测。PCR检测结果对比分析表明,LAMP方法适用于贝类产品中副溶血性弧菌毒力菌株的检测分析。     

海口市市售贝类海产品副溶血性弧菌污染调查及耐药和毒力基因研究

目的了解海口市市售贝类海产品中副溶血性弧菌的污染情况、菌株血清学分型情况以及不同来源菌株的耐药情况,分析海口市市售贝类海产品受副溶血性弧菌污染的特点。方法 2014—2016年,按照GB 4789.7—2013《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验副溶血性弧菌检验》和《国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册》对五类海产品(白贝、排海、毛蚶、蛏子、芒果螺)进行副溶血性弧菌分离鉴定和血清学分型,采用实时荧光聚合酶链式反应(PCR)进行毒力基因检测,采用K-B法对分离菌株进行相关耐药分析。结果五类海产品样品共157份,其中65份样品检出副溶血性弧菌,白贝的检出率最高,为63.6%(21/33)。所分离的65株副溶血性弧菌主要血清群为O3和O5,完全分型26株,总体分型率为40.0%,其中以O1∶K25为主要血清型。65株菌对氨苄西林普遍耐药(95.4%,62/65),对头孢噻肟的中介率较高(33.8%,22/65),对8种抗生素产生了5种耐药谱。65株分离菌株神奈川试验结果均为阴性,且均未检出与致病性相关的耐热直接溶血素(TDH)及耐热相关溶血素(TRH)。结论海口市市售贝类副溶血性弧菌污染较重,应加强养殖区域海水水质的监测力度,预防副溶血性弧菌感染。     

锦州笔架山海域海产品中副溶血弧菌的分子流行病学调查

为了解锦州笔架山周边海域海产品中副溶血弧菌的污染状况,实验室随机采集了蓝圆鲹等共103份常见的海产品,按照GB/T 4789.7-2008及PCR方法对副溶血弧菌进行了分子流行病学调查。结果显示,随机抽检的103份样品中,检测出含副溶血弧菌的样品38份,检出率为37%。这表明,锦州笔架山周边海域常见海产品受副溶血弧菌污染十分严重,具有极大的食品安全隐患。     

舟山市贝类副溶血性弧菌污染状况监测及不同来源菌株的毒力基因分析

目的 监测2009年舟山市海产贝类溶血性弧菌的污染状况,分析贝源分离株和临床分离株的毒力基因分布情况,了解舟山市副溶血性弧菌的流行规律.方法 分春夏秋冬四季对80份舟山市售海产贝类中的副溶血性弧菌进行监测,并对50株贝源分离株和18株部分散发腹泻病例和食物中毒临床分离株进行部分血清分型及tdh,trh,orf8和toxRS/new 4种毒力基因检测.结果 春(85%)、夏(80%)、秋(75%)三季的检出率差异无显著性,冬季检出率(10%)明显低于其它季节(P<0.01).贝源分离株tdh,toxRS/new和orf8基因检测结果均为阴性,只有冬季检出的2株trh阳性.临床分离株中有14株tdh,tozRS/new和orf8基因均为阳性,1株trh阳性,其余3株4种毒力基因均为阴性,说明这18株中有14株(占".78%)属于大流行株,其中13株(占92.86%)为03:K6型,1株为O1:KUT型.结论 春、夏、秋三季海产贝类中副溶血性弧菌的污染率比较高;污染的贝类海产品可能是人感染副溶血性弧菌的主要污染源;一群关系密切,tdh,orf8,toxRS/new均为阳性的03:K6克隆群在舟山成优势流行.     

顺义区市售双壳贝类中副溶血性弧菌和诺如病毒的耐药性及分型研究

目的了解北京市顺义区部分市售双壳贝类中副溶血性弧菌及诺如病毒的污染情况,为相关感染性腹泻的防治提供依据。方法 2017年7～10月采集顺义区市场的双壳贝类,取适量样品分离其消化腺,进行样品前处理,提取病毒RNA后采用实时荧光定量逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法检测诺如病毒。剩余样品按照GB4789.7—2013《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验副溶血性弧菌检验》进行副溶血性弧菌的分离鉴定。对检出的副溶血性弧菌进行毒力基因(tlh,tdh,trh)检测、耐药性分析和脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分子分型。结果 50份双壳贝类样品中有18份检出副溶血性弧菌(18株),检出率为36.0%;有8份样品携带诺如病毒。分离的副溶血性弧菌17株为tlh+tdh-trh-型,1株为tlh-tdh-trh-型;所有副溶血性弧菌均对氨苄西林耐药,对其他抗生素均敏感;PFGE图谱聚类后呈现多态性,存在多个克隆群。诺如病毒只在10月份检出,分布于牡蛎、蛏子和扇贝中,均为GⅡ型核酸阳性。结论顺义区市售双壳贝类中存在副溶血性弧菌和GⅡ型诺如病毒,需警惕感染风险。分离的副溶血性弧菌呈现多态性,但毒力基因携带率较低,对大多数抗生素敏感。     

食源性副溶血弧菌脉冲场凝胶电泳分型

副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)是-种革兰氏阴性嗜盐杆菌,广泛分布于近岸海水、海底沉积物和海产品中,是引起食源性疾病的主要病源之一.尤其在我国沿海地区,由副溶血弧菌引发的食物中毒的发生规模及人群暴露规模呈明显上升趋势.因此,快速准确的检测鉴定副溶血弧菌成为控制其引起的食源性疾病的关键.本文以从海产品中分离的副溶血弧菌为研究对象,利用脉冲场凝胶电泳技术对副溶血弧菌进行分子分型,为副溶血弧菌引起的食源性疾病溯源及副溶血弧菌的分子流行病学研究提供技术基础.     

漳州水产养殖环境中副溶血弧菌的流行状况分析

为探究漳州市养殖环境中副溶血弧菌流行状况和基因多态性,无菌采集2019年1～7月份本地区7个养殖场中罗非鱼、石斑鱼和虾的新鲜样品。用硫代硫酸盐柠檬酸盐胆盐蔗糖琼脂培养基（thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar culture medium, TCBS）对样品的疑似副溶血弧菌进行分离纯化,用聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）扩增tlh基因和16S rDNA基因片段并测序,鉴定疑似菌株。用随机扩增多态性法（random amplified polymorphic DNA, RAPD）对分离株进行分型。实验共采集228份样品,微生物学初筛得到111株疑似菌株,PCR检测并测序鉴定69株为副溶血弧菌,阳性率为30.26%。RAPD技术对分离株分型,得到了较清晰的电泳条带,分析指纹图谱发现69株副溶血弧菌可分为9个主要类型,遗传相似性在83%～100%范围内。养殖场中的水产品一定程度上受到副溶血弧菌的污染,且不同水产品、不同养殖场、不同时间副溶血弧菌的污染程度都不同。     

副溶血弧菌检测方法研究进展

副溶血弧菌是海产品中常见致病菌,可引起恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻等疾病。由于我国是海产品消费大国,所以必须建立快速、准确、灵敏的方法监测海产品中的副溶血弧菌。目前主要应用分子生物学方法和分析化学方法,从细胞水平和分子水平来检测副溶血弧菌,主要包括实时荧光定量PCR和基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDITOF MS),这两种方法可以对副溶血弧菌进行准确定性和定量,是检测食品中副溶血弧菌的快速、特异、灵敏的方法,可用来评估和监管海产品污染副溶血弧菌的风险,保证人们的饮食安全。     

杂色蛤中副溶血弧菌的定量风险评估

基于国际食品法典委员会关于微生物定量风险评估的理论框架,研究了从水产品批发市场到各零售点(主要为超市)杂色蛤中副溶血弧菌的动态变化情况,对因食用杂色蛤感染副溶血弧菌而引发疾病的风险进行预测,预测出每年、每人因消费生杂色蛤而导致由副溶血弧菌引发的食源性疾病的可能平均值被估计为 1.65 × 10 - 8 . 同时对杂色蛤...     

食品中副溶血性弧菌toxR和tdh基因双色荧光PCR检测方法的建立

目的 建立对副溶血性弧菌（Vibrio parahaemolyticus）特异性检测toxR（跨膜转录激活蛋白）基因和tdh（热稳定性直接溶血素）毒力基因的Taqman探针双色荧光PCR检测方法。方法 根据副溶血性弧菌toxR基因和tdh基因,分别设计引物和探针,建立Taqman探针双色荧光PCR扩增体系,进行特异性、灵敏度试验;对副溶血性弧菌分离菌株实施检测,了解其tdh基因和tdh基因分布情况。结果 结果表明,副溶血性弧菌标准菌株和3株从食物中毒患者中分离获得的分离株均出现toxR基因和tdh扩增曲线,而溶藻弧菌、单增李斯特菌等31株弧菌属其他菌株和肠杆菌科的菌株未见扩增曲线。从食品中分离的37株副溶血性弧菌分离株均未携带tdh毒力基因。副溶血性弧菌检测灵敏度可达到3.6×102 cfu/mL。结论 该方法可用于同时检测食品中副溶血性弧菌的特异性和毒力基因。     

Density of total and pathogenic (tdh+) Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Atlantic and Gulf coast molluscan shellfish at harvest

The densities of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in 671 samples of molluscan shellfish harvested in 1999 and 2000 from 14 sites in seven Gulf and Atlantic coast states were determined at 2-week intervals over a period of 12 to 16 months in each state. Changes in V. parahaemolyticus densities in shellfish between harvest and sample analysis were minimized with time and temperature controls. Densities were measured by direct plating techniques, and gene probes were used for identification. Total and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus organisms were identified with probes for the thermolabile direct hemolysin (tlh) gene and the thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) gene, respectively. An enrichment procedure involving 25 g of shellfish was also used for the recovery of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus. The densities of V. parahaemolyticus in shellfish from all harvest sites were positively correlated with water temperature. Shellfish from the Gulf Coast typically had higher densities of V. parahaemolyticus than did shellfish harvested from the North Atlantic or mid-Atlantic coast. Vibrio parahaemolyticus counts exceeded 1,000 CFU/g for only 5% of all samples. Pathogenic (tdh+) V. parahaemolyticus was detected in approximately 6% of all samples by both procedures, and 61.5% of populations in the positive samples from the direct plating procedure were at the lower limit of detection (10 CFU/g). The frequency of detection of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus was significantly related to water temperature and to the density of total V. parahaemolyticus. The failure to detect pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus in shellfish more frequently was attributed to the low numbers and uneven distribution of the organism.     

Characteristics of a sharp decrease in Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections and seafood contamination in Japan

Vibrio parahaemolyticus has been one of the most important foodborne pathogens in Japan since the 1960s, and a large epidemic was caused by the pandemic serotype O3:K6 from 1997 to 2001. V. parahaemolyticus infections, however, have sharply declined since that time. Data on serotypes isolated from 977 outbreaks were collected and analysed. Total and pathogenic, thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) gene-positive V. parahaemolyticus were qualitatively and quantitatively detected in 842 seafood samples from wholesale markets in 2007-2009. Strains isolated from patients and seafood were analysed by serotyping, tdh-PCR, group-specific PCR for pandemic strains, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The sharp decrease in the infections from 1999 onwards was noted not only for O3:K6 infections but also for other serotypes. The change in the seafood contamination situation from 2001 to 2007-2009 was characterised by a decrease to three-fourths in the frequency of tdh-positive samples, although that decrease was small compared to the 18-fold decrease in the cases of V. parahaemolyticus outbreaks. PFGE detected the pandemic O3:K6 serotype in the same profile in seafood and patients from 1998 to the present. Because of no large decrease in seafood contamination by V. parahaemolyticus from the production to distribution stages and the presence of pandemic O3:K6 serotype in seafood to the present, it was suggested that the change of seafood contamination was unrelated to the sharp decrease in V. parahaemolyticus infections. V. parahaemolyticus infections might be prevented at the stages after the distribution stage.     

Populations of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in retail oysters from Florida using two methods

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a naturally occurring estuarine bacterium that is often associated with gastroenteritis in humans following consumption of raw molluscan shellfish. A number of studies have investigated the environmental distribution of V. parahaemolyticus, but little is known about the levels of this organism during distribution of oysters or at the point of consumption. Duplicate samples of shellstock oysters were collected monthly (September 1997 to May 1998) from the same four restaurants and three wholesale seafood markets in the Gainesville, Fla. area and analyzed for total V. parahaemolyticus densities using two methods: a standard MPN method (BAM-MPN) and a new direct plating procedure (direct-VPAP). Both methods employed an alkaline phosphatase-labeled DNA probe (VPAP) targeting the species-specific thermolabile hemolysin (tlh) gene to confirm suspect colonies as V. parahaemolyticus. The highest monthly geometric mean V. parahaemolyticus density was observed in October of 1997 (approximately 3,000/g) with similarly high values during September and November of 1997. From December 1997 to May 1998 mean densities were generally less than 100/g, falling to approximately 10/g in February and March. A strong correlation (r = 0.78) between the direct-VPAP and BAM-MPN methods for determining V. parahaemolyticus densities in market-level oysters was observed. The direct-VPAP method was more rapid and precise while the BAM-MPN was more sensitive and may better recover stressed cells. The utilization of the VPAP probe for identification of V. parahaemolyticus sharply reduced the labor for either method compared to biochemical identification techniques used in earlier V. parahaemolyticus surveys.     

基于弧菌毒力基因多重PCR法的建立及其在副溶血弧菌毒力基因检测中的应用

针对副溶血弧菌常见的11种毒力基因(tox R、Collagenase、tox S、trh、tdh、tlh、Ure R、Fla A、omp W、Asp A、fur),建立了两套六重PCR检测体系,应用于副溶血弧菌环境分离株和水产品分离株的毒力基因分布情况调查。在调查的248株副溶血弧菌中,鞭毛丝蛋白基因Fla A、外膜蛋白基因omp W和铁吸收调节蛋白基因fur的分布最广(100%),其次为碱性丝氨酸蛋白酶基因Asp A(99.60%),胶原蛋白酶基因Collagenase、不耐热性溶血毒素基因tlh以及毒力调控基因tox R和tox S的分布率均在90%以上且tox R和tox S的分布极为相似,尿素酶基因Ure R的分布极少(1.21%),而耐热直接溶血素基因tdh和耐热相关溶血素基因trh在这248株副溶血弧菌中没有检出。本研究建立的多重PCR检测体系能快速、高效地检测多个毒力基因的分布情况,为副溶血弧菌的毒力机制研究和风险评估提供方法和依据。     

Growth and survival of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in postharvest American oysters

Oysters at the retail stage of distribution generally contain greater densities of Vibrio parahaemolyticus than do oysters at harvest. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of postharvest storage at 26 and 3 degrees C on the growth and survival of naturally occurring V. parahaemolyticus in shellstock American oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Oysters were collected monthly from May 1998 through April 1999 from Mobile Bay, Alabama, and their V. parahaemolyticus densities were determined after 0, 5, 10, and 24 h of postharvest storage at 26 degrees C. After 24 h of storage at 26 degrees C, oysters were transferred to a refrigerator at 3 degrees C and analyzed 14 to 17 days later. V. parahaemolyticus numbers were determined by a direct plating method involving an alkaline-phosphatase-labeled DNA probe that targets the species-specific thermolabile hemolysin gene (tlh-AP) to identify suspect isolates. From April to December, when water temperatures at harvest were >20 degrees C, the geometric mean harvest density of V. parahaemolyticus was 130 CFU/g. When water temperatures were <20 degrees C, the geometric mean harvest density was 15 CFU/g. After harvest, V. parahaemolyticus multiplied rapidly in live oysters held at 26 degrees C, showing a 50-fold increase (1.7 log CFU/g) at 10 h and a 790-fold increase (2.9 log CFU/g) at 24 h (April through December). Average V. parahaemolyticus numbers showed a sixfold decrease (0.8 log CFU/g) after approximately 14 days of refrigeration. These results indicate that V. parahaemolyticus can grow rapidly in unrefrigerated oysters.     

Seasonal distribution of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Chesapeake Bay oysters and waters

The objectives of this study were to investigate the seasonal distribution of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Chesapeake Bay oysters and waters, and to determine the degree of association between V. parahaemolyticus densities and selected environmental parameters. Oyster and water samples were collected monthly from three sites in Chesapeake Bay, Maryland from November 2004 through October 2005. During collection of samples, water temperature, salinity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, pH, chlorophyll a, and fecal coliform levels in oysters were also determined. V. parahaemolyticus levels were enumerated by a quantitative direct-plating method followed by DNA colony hybridization; presence/absence was further determined by overnight broth enrichment followed by either standard colony isolation or real-time PCR. The thermolabile hemolysin (tlh) gene and thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) gene were targeted for detection of total and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus, respectively, for both direct plating and enrichment. The thermostable related hemolysin (trh) gene, which is a presumptive pathogenicity marker, was targeted only for the enrichment approach. By direct plating, colonies producing tlh signals were detected in 79% of oyster samples at densities ranging from 1.5x10(1) to 6.0x10(2) CFU/g. Pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus (tdh+) was detected in 3% (level was 10 CFU/g) of oyster samples while no V. parahaemolyticus was detected in water samples. By the enrichment approach with standard colony isolation, 67% of oyster and 55% of water samples (n=33) were positive for total V. parahaemolyticus, and all samples were negative for pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus. In contrast, enrichment followed by real-time PCR detected tlh, tdh and trh in 100%, 20% and 40% of oyster and 100%, 13% and 40% of water enrichments collected from June to October 2005, respectively. V. parahaemolyticus densities in oysters varied seasonally and were found to be positively correlated with water temperature, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen.     

Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in U.S. retail shell oysters: a national survey from June 1998 to July 1999.

From June 1998 to July 1999, 370 lots of oysters in the shell were sampled at 275 different establishments (71%, restaurants or oyster bars; 27%, retail seafood markets: and 2%, wholesale seafood markets) in coastal and inland markets throughout the United States. The oysters were harvested from the Gulf (49%). Pacific (14%), Mid-Atlantic (18%), and North Atlantic (11%) Coasts of the United States and from Canada (8%). Densities of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were determined using a modification of the most probable number (MPN) techniques described in the Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual. DNA probes and enzyme immunoassay were used to identify suspect isolates and to determine the presence of the thermostable direct hemolysin gene associated with pathogenicity of V. parahaemolyticus. Densities of both V. vulnifcus and V. parahaemolyticus in market oysters from all harvest regions followed a seasonal distribution, with highest densities in the summer. Highest densities of both organisms were observed in oysters harvested from the Gulf Coast, where densities often exceeded 10,000 MPN/g. The majority (78%) of lots harvested in the North Atlantic, Pacific, and Canadian Coasts had V. vulnificus densities below the detectable level of 0.2 MPN/g; none exceeded 100 MPN/g. V. parahaemolyticus densities were greater than those of V. vulnificus in lots from these same areas, with some lots exceeding 1,000 MPN/g for V. parahaemolyticus. Some lots from the Mid-Atlantic states exceeded 10,000 MPN/g for both V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyicus. Overall, there was a significant correlation between V. vulificus and V. parahaemolyticus densities (r = 0.72, n = 202, P < 0.0001), but neither density correlated with salinity. Storage time significantly affected the V. vulnificus (10% decrease per day) and V. parahaemolyticus (7% decrease per day) densities in market oysters. The thermostable direct hemolysin gene associated with V parahaemolyticus virulence was detected in 9 of 3,429 (0.3%) V. parahaemolyticus cultures and in 8 of 198 (4.0%) lots of oysters. These data can be used to estimate the exposure of raw oyster consumers to V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus.     

温暖月份零售带壳牡蛎中副溶血性弧菌的定量研究

为了解温暖月份零售带壳牡蛎中副溶血性弧菌 (VP)的污染情况 ,2 0 0 3年 4～ 8月在福建省福州和厦门两地共收集带壳牡蛎 113份 ,样品分别来自水产品批发市场 (18% ) ,零售市场 (4 6 % )和饭店 (36 % )。采用Vitek鉴定系统和最可能数法进行VP的定量分析。结果显示 ,带壳牡蛎中VP密度的几何均数为 6 0MPN 10 0g ,4 1 6 %的样品VP密度低于 30MPN 10 0g的最低检出限 ,仅厦门2个样品菌量超过 2 4 0 0 0MPN 10 0g。两个地区、不同采样点和不同月份之间样品VP密度的几何均数差别均有统计学意义 (P <0 0 1)。厦门样品污染菌量高于福州 ;批发市场样品菌量最高 ;5月份样品菌量最高 ,为 14 9MPN 10 0g ,而 6～ 8月样品菌量约为 4 0MPN 10 0g。零售环节带壳牡蛎VP的检出率较高。未来应加强对生食海产品中VP污染状况的监测。     

Development of a quantitative real-time PCR method for estimation of the total number of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in contaminated shellfish and seawater

A real-time PCR method targeting the toxR gene of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was developed to quantify the number of V. parahaemolyticus cells, including those of both the hemolysin-producing and nonproducing strains. The specificity of the primer and probe set was confirmed using 25 strains of V. parahaemolyticus and 30 strains of other microbial species. We determined the threshold cycle number using the real-time PCR and the number of V. parahaemolyticus cells by plate count using serially diluted pure culture and developed a standard curve for quantification. Standard curves for V. parahaemolyticus in seawater and seafood were established using artificially inoculated samples. The threshold cycle number and the number of V. parahaemolyticus cells were correlated with 10(1) to 10(7) CFU/ml in pure culture, seawater, and shellfish homogenate. The real-time PCR method developed in this study was compared with the most-probable-number method in seafood samples that were naturally contaminated. The differences in the number of V. parahaemolyticus cells as determined by the culture method and the PCR method were less than 10-fold.