新疆葡萄中3种生物活性物质的含量分析

为开发利用新疆葡萄,分析了新疆葡萄中生物活性物质的构成及其含量。采用超声法和回流法分别提取葡萄皮、籽中的齐墩果酸、白藜芦醇和原花青素,用高效液相色谱法和比色法分别测定葡萄皮、籽中齐墩果酸、白藜芦醇和原花青素的含量。葡萄中齐墩果酸主要存在于葡萄皮中,含量可高达1%左右,符合工业化提取要求;地产葡萄品种的齐墩果酸含量相对高于欧洲引进品种;齐墩果酸含量比较:人工发酵葡萄皮>自然发酵葡萄皮>新鲜葡萄皮。葡萄皮白藜芦醇的含量高于葡萄籽;欧洲引进葡萄品种白藜芦醇含量相对高于地产葡萄;白藜芦醇含量比较:人工发酵葡萄皮>自然发酵葡萄皮>新鲜葡萄皮>陈旧葡萄皮。葡萄籽原花青素含量高于葡萄皮;地产与欧洲引进葡萄品种的原花青素含量比较接近;原花青素含量比较:新鲜葡萄籽>自然发酵葡萄籽>人工发酵葡萄籽。由结果可以看出新疆葡萄富含齐墩果酸、白藜芦醇及原花青素等多种具有营养保健功能的生物活性物质。     

葡萄籽提取物中原花青素的测定

用高效液相和Folln—Ciocalteau相结合的方法分析了葡萄籽提取物中原花青素的百分含量。此方法能够弥补Bate—Smith法和Porter法只能测定原花青素相对含量的缺陷。分析结果显示：葡萄籽提取物中原花青素的含量为77．4％。     

葡萄籽、松树皮和花生衣提取物中原花青素 成分研究

建立葡萄籽提取物中7种原花青素成分的高效液相色谱测定方法。以该方法对不同品种的葡萄籽、松树皮和花生衣提取物进行测定分析。结果表明:葡萄籽、松树皮和花生衣提取物中的原花青素成分种类和含量水平差异较大。不同品种的葡萄籽提取物中原花青素成分种类水平一致,不同品种的花生衣提取物中原花青素成分种类水平也一致,而不同品种的松树皮提取物中原花青素成分种类差距较大。该方法可以用于简单快速地区分葡萄籽提取物、松树皮提取物和花生衣提取物。     

植物中原花青素含量的分析测定

通过对多种植物的花、叶、皮、壳、籽、核等部位的原花青素含量进行分析测定。结果表明:原花青素广泛分布于植物体的不同部位中,原花青素除葡萄籽含量较高以外,在某些植物的叶和花中含量也较丰富,葡萄籽中原花青素以新鲜葡萄籽含量最高,经过酿酒和放置时间的延长原花青素含量降低。     

2种提取方法对新西兰葡萄籽油品质及其粕中原花青素的影响

为充分利用新西兰葡萄籽油及粕中所含有的原花青素,以新西兰葡萄籽为原料,采用索氏抽提法、超临界CO_2萃取2种方法提取葡萄籽油。分别从油脂的提取率、油品的理化性质、脂肪酸组成、含量及剩余粕原花青素含量等方面对2种提取方法进行比较。结果表明,不同的提取方法会对葡萄籽油的提取率、理化性质、脂肪酸组成、含量及剩余粕中原花青素均有不同程度的影响。索氏抽提法的油脂提取率显著高于超临界CO_2萃取法。从油脂的物理性质上看,2种工艺提取的葡萄籽油的透明度、气味、折光指数、相对密度、水分及挥发物含量、不溶性杂质等物理指标差异不显著;化学指标显示,超临界萃取葡萄籽油的碘值、皂化值、酸值、过氧化物值均优于索氏提取法;脂肪酸组成上,超临界CO_2萃取的葡萄籽油中不饱和脂肪酸含量高于索氏提取的油,尤其是亚油酸含量高达73.58%;超临界CO_2萃取后葡萄粕中原花青素含量高于索氏抽提处理后的葡萄籽,达到61.70 g/kg。因此,超临界CO_2萃取法比索氏抽提法更适合葡萄籽油的提取,同时表明超临界CO_2萃取油脂后的葡萄籽渣中含有的原花青素更高,这为超临界CO_2萃取葡萄籽油及其粕中原花青素的提取和高品质保健食品的开发提供了一定的理论依据。     

葡萄籽中原花青素提取工艺

以发酵后葡萄籽为原料,研究微波、纤维素酶和超声波辅助提取葡萄籽中原花青素的工艺条件,对影响原花青素提取率的因素进行考察,通过正交试验确定葡萄籽中原花青素的最佳提取工艺。结果表明最佳方法为微波辅助提取,其最佳工艺条件：料液比1:25(g/mL)、乙醇体积分数80%、微波时间40s、微波功率115W,原花青素的提取率为10.70%。     

葡萄籽超微粉中多酚成分的检测

对葡萄籽超微粉中的多酚成分进行了分析和测定。儿茶素是葡萄籽多酚中单体的主要成分,又是构成原花青素的主要单体,福林肖卡法测定多酚时采用儿茶素作为对照物来表征葡萄籽多酚含量更准确。经过改进的HPLC方法对没食子酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素三种单体的分离效果较好,具有很好的准确度和精密度,适合于葡萄籽超微粉中的单体检测。经测定,葡萄籽超微粉中,多酚含量10.9%(以儿茶素计),三种单体的总量为1.2%,以总多酚含量减去三种单体总量代表原花青素含量来计算,原花青素含量为9.7%。     

多粘类芽孢杆菌发酵粗酶液酶解提取葡萄籽中的原花青素

通过多粘类芽孢杆菌液体发酵技术得到富含果胶酶的发酵液,对葡萄籽进行酶解处理提取原花青素。以葡萄籽原花青素提取率为指标,在单因素和正交试验的基础上,确定了原花青素提取的最佳工艺条件。在粘类芽孢杆菌发酵液酶活为313U/mL,料液比为30 g/L、pH值为9、酶解温度为45℃、时间为70 min的条件下,葡萄籽原花青素的提取率可达到3.39%。     

高压微射流处理对葡萄籽原花青素组分构成的影响

研究高压微射流处理对从葡萄籽中提取得到的原花青素中儿茶素、原花青素B2和表儿茶素含量的影响。将原花青素在不同的处理压力(100、140、180、220 MPa和260 MPa)条件下进行1~4次循环处理,采用高效液相色谱进行定量分析。结果表明:随着处理压力的增加,儿茶素、原花青素B2和表儿茶素含量随之增加;随着处理次数的增加,含量基本呈先增加后减少的趋势;与其他处理条件下的原花青素含量相比,260 MPa条件下循环处理两次,儿茶素(0.163 2 mg/m L)、表儿茶素的质量浓度(0.128 6 mg/m L)最高;260 MPa条件下循环3次获得的原花青素B2质量浓度(0.057 6 mg/m L)最高。说明高压微射流处理会破坏高聚原花青素分子链之间的非共价键,使其解聚生成活性更高的单体、低聚体。     

从葡萄籽中提取分离原花青素的研究

葡萄籽中总酚含量(以没食子酸计)大约为4.85%,原花青素含量为3.05%(以湿基含水10%计算),具有很大的开发利用价值.研究结果表明:选择130～150目的葡萄籽粉,在20℃条件下,采用70%丙酮搅拌40分钟,提取原花青素效果最佳,提取率可达99.11%;超声波处理对原花青素提取有一定影响,在保持提取温度不变的情况下,超声波处理功率档次越大,原花青素提取率越高;葡萄籽进行真空干燥比自然干燥的原花青素提取率高12.61%.     

常用消毒灭菌法及其机理与应用

介绍了采用消毒灭菌方法,有加热消毒法,紫外线辐射法和化学药剂消毒法。常用化学药剂有醛类、含氯消毒剂、醇类消毒剂以及高锰酸钾、生石灰等,阐释了消毒与灭菌两个概念的区别。     

Probiotics and prebiotics--perspectives and challenges

Owing to their health benefits, probiotics and prebiotics are nowadays widely used in yogurts and fermented milks, which are leader products of functional foods worldwide. The world market for functional foods has grown rapidly in the last three decades, with an estimated size in 2003 of ca US$ 33 billion, while the European market estimation exceeded US$ 2 billion in the same year. However, the production of probiotics and prebiotics at industrial scale faces several challenges, including the search for economical and abundant raw materials for prebiotic production, the low-cost production of probiotics and the improvement of probiotic viability after storage or during the manufacturing process of the functional food. In this review, functional foods based on probiotics and prebiotics are introduced as a key biotechnological field with tremendous potential for innovation. A concise state of the art addressing the fundamentals and challenges for the development of new probiotic- and prebiotic-based foods is presented, the niches for future research being clearly identified and discussed.     

益生素、益生菌与结肠癌

介绍了益生素和益生菌及其作用机理。在动物模型中，有大量的数据证实益生素和益生菌能够预防癌症．而在人体内还没有直接实验证据。它们抑制癌症的确切机理目前尚不清楚，其抑制机理可能是：肠道菌群代谢活动的改变，肠道理化环境的改变，潜在的致癌物质的黏附和降解，肠道菌群的改变、抗癌或抗诱变物质的形成、提高宿主的免疫应答、影响宿主的生理活动以及发酵不能被消化的食物并形成有益代谢产物。     

节能节水型印染助剂和设备的现状

从节能、节水、缩短工艺流程和环保的角度出发，介绍了国内外研制开发的一系列新型节能、节水型印染助剂和染整设备。     

毛霉型低盐速成豆豉工业化生产工艺与设备

本文介绍了毛霉型低盐速成豆豉的工业化生产工艺及生产线的关键设备。     

European citizen and consumer attitudes and preferences regarding beef and pork

This paper presents the combined mid-term findings of the consumer research components of two EU Sixth Framework Programme integrated projects concerning meat, ProSafeBeef and Q-PorkChains. The consumer pillar of ProSafeBeef carried out eight focus group discussions in May 2008, in France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Q-PorkChains conducted a large-scale, web-based, consumer survey in January 2008 in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece and Poland. The first project provides a set of qualitative data from a small cohort of focus groups and the second a set of quantitative data from a larger consumer sample. This paper draws together the main findings of both projects and provides a comprehensive overview of European citizens’ and consumers’ attitudes towards and preferences regarding beef and pork. In general, consumers consider meat to be a healthy and important component of the diet. Consumers support the development of technologies that can improve the health attributes of meat products and guarantee eating quality, but they have a negative view of what they see to be excessive manipulation and lack of naturalness in the production and processing of beef products. In the Q-PorkChains study consumer and citizen segments are identified and profiled. Consumer segments were built upon the frequency and variety of pork consumption. The citizen segments were built upon their attitudes towards pig production systems. Overall, the relationship between individuals’ views as citizens and their behaviour as consumers was found to be quite weak and did not appear to greatly or systematically influence meat-buying habits. Future studies in both projects will concentrate on consumers’ acceptance of innovative meat product concepts and products, with the aim of boosting consumer trust and invigorating the European beef and pork industries.     

Heritability and correlations for body condition score and dairy form within and across lactation and age

The objectives of the current study were to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and dairy form and changes in genetic parameters for BCS and dairy form within and across lactations and age. Body condition score and dairy form were obtained from the Holstein Association USA, Inc. Records were edited to include those cows classified between 24 and 60 mo of age and between 0 and 335 d in milk (DIM). A minimum of 20 daughters per sire and 15 cows per herd-classification visit were required. The dataset consisted of 135,178 records from 119,215 cows. Repeatability, multiple trait, and random regression models were used to analyze the data. All models included fixed effects for herd-classification visit, age within lactations 1, 2, and 3 or higher, and 5th-order polynomials for DIM. Random effects included sire and permanent environment for all models. Random regression models included age at classification nested within sire or DIM and lactation number nested within sire. Genetic variance for both BCS and dairy form was lowest in early lactation and highest in midlactation. Genetic correlations within and across lactations were high. The genetic correlation between DIM 0 in lactation 1 and DIM 305 in lactation 3 was estimated to be 0.77 for BCS and 0.60 for dairy form. The genetic correlation estimate between 30 mo of age at classification and 50 mo of age at classification was 0.94 for both dairy form and BCS. The repeatability models appeared to generate accurate evaluations for BCS or dairy form at all ages and stages of lactation.     

原花色素及其开发应用

对原花色素的结构、化学特性、制备、分析方法、应用前景作一综述,并重点讨论其生理功能,为在功能性食品、药物、化妆品等领域的深入研究和开发提供参考。     

酚类物质的结构与性质及其与葡萄及葡萄酒的关系

酚类物质是一类大而复杂的化合物。葡萄与葡萄酒中常见的酚类物质可分为类黄酮和非类黄酮两大类，它们是葡萄中重要的次生代谢产物，与葡萄的抗病性、采后生理、贮存、保鲜等密切相关。葡萄酒中的酚类物质来自于葡萄果实、果梗、酵母代谢以及橡木桶，参与形成葡萄酒的味道、骨架、结构和颜色等，对红葡萄酒的特征和质量尤其重要。     

天然香精香料与生物技术

天然香精香料是高价值的精细化工产品和食品添加剂,但原料来源有限且提取成本高。利用生物技术生产这类产品具有广阔的前景。简述了发酵工程、酶工程、细胞工程和基因工程在香精香料中的应用,并探讨了生物技术在香精香料中的应用前景。