主要食品对小麦籽粒品质的要求分析(1)

论述了面包、面条、馒头等主食对小麦籽粒品质的要求。通过品质分析认为制作面包的小麦籽粒为硬质，淀粉酶活性适中，有较高的容重和蛋白质含量；制作面条的小麦品种应为白粒，硬质，灰分含量低，α－淀粉酶活性小（降落数值＞300s)，蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量较高；而馒头与小麦籽粒的千粒重、灰分、蛋白质含量，沉淀值、湿面筋含量拉伸参数呈显著正相关。     

小麦品种品质与面条品质关系的研究

通过对陕西关中近年育成的１３个小麦品种（品系）的籽粒性状、蛋白质品质、磨粉品质、粉质参数及面条蒸煮品质的系统分析,研究了小麦品种品质性状与面条品质性状的相关关系,结果认为,信仪２号８８２１、大粒８７８、３个小麦品种适宜于制作面条。面条蒸煮吸水率与小麦品种的出粉率、湿面筋含量呈显著负相关,与籽粒硬度、面粉吸水率与小麦品种的发率、湿面筋含量呈显著负相关,与籽粒硬度、面粉吸水率１、灰分含量呈极显著负相关     

基于主成分和聚类分析评估黄淮区小麦品种蛋白质组成与流变学特性的关系

以黄淮麦区33个小麦品种为材料，通过主成分分析和聚类分析等方法对参试小麦样品的蛋白质组成和面团流变特性指标进行相关性分析，以期为不同品种小麦育种以及面制品品质改良提供基础理论信息。结果表明，黄淮麦区33个小麦品种的蛋白质含量为11.02%～16.01%，湿面筋含量为22.85%～37.95%，面筋指数为6.08%～99.09%，沉降值为38.75～81.00 mL,4种蛋白质组分含量为麦谷蛋白>麦醇溶蛋白>清蛋白>球蛋白。因此，黄淮麦区主栽小麦品种蛋白质变幅较广，适用于面条、面包、馒头等多种面制品的生产制作。相关性分析结果表明SIG可以很好地反映蛋白质的含量和质量。相较于面团形成时间、稳定时间，弱化度能够更好地反映小麦蛋白质质量。因此，在小麦面制品制作过程中应注重对SIG和弱化度的选择。此外，通过主成分分析，将小麦品质性状综合为4个主成分因子，即蛋白质质量因子、湿面筋含量因子、色泽因子和麦醇溶蛋白因子，可以解释该试验80.018%的性状信息。同时，通过R型聚类分析，将小麦品质性状分为4个类群，其中第Ⅱ类、第Ⅲ类和第Ⅳ类性状和主成分分析中的3个主成分所包含的指标基本一致...     

糯小麦粉与普通小麦粉配粉糊化特性的研究

选用糯小麦品种中糯一号与普通小麦(非全糯小麦)品种豫麦47、温6和澳大利亚优质面条小麦品种Gamenya,进行籽粒蛋白质含量、淀粉含量及直链淀粉含量的测定。并将中糯一号面粉分别与豫麦47、温6面粉配粉,进行了RVA试验(快速粘度分析),研究了三种单一品种面粉及其配粉的糊化特性。结果表明:中糯一号籽粒蛋白质含量、淀粉含量与供试普通小麦品种相近。但其直链淀粉含量很低,仅为1. 45%,远低于供试普通小麦品种。在RVA试验中,中糯一号面粉糊化快,峰值时间比普通小麦缩短了一半,其粘度下降到低谷后,粘度曲线变化平缓,回冷值很小,明显与供试普通小麦不同。糯小麦与普通小麦配粉的粘度曲线呈双峰状,其粘度参数因糯、普小麦配粉比例不同而不同。总之,在普通小麦粉中加入糯小麦粉后,面粉直链淀粉含量和糊化特性发生了变化,对面制食品品质将产生一定的影响。     

小麦淀粉品质的研究

测定了河南省22个小麦品种(样品)的籽粒蛋白质、淀粉与直链淀粉含量,并采用快速粘度分析(RVA)测定了这些品种的面粉糊化特性.参照国内外研究结果综合鉴评认为在供试的小麦品种中,温6(稻茬)、豫麦47、郑农7号、豫麦52、百农64、周麦12等具有适于制作优质面条的淀粉品质;同时观察到同一品种在不同种植条件下,其蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量和淀粉品质有很大差异.进一步证明了在优质小麦生产中选择适宜种植地区和采用适宜栽培技术的重要性.     

国产优质面条小麦品种筛选与品质研究

为了筛选出国产优质面条小麦品种,通过对种植在不同年份同一地块的不同小麦品种进行了RVA糊化特性的研究,经过多批次的品质分析及制面品质研究,筛选出了郑农16、豫麦47、温麦6号等3个国产优质面条小麦品种.其淀粉品质优良,制作出的面条品质较好,超过了我国优质面条小麦品种935031.     

陕西关中小麦品种食品制作和持性研究（注）

以小偃6号、小偃107、陕229为对照，对陕西关中地区区域试验小麦品种的籽粒品质、食品品质进行聚类，分析其食品制作适用性。研究结果表明：陕优225、小偃6号、陕150适合制作面包；小偃6号、陕优225、远丰898、西农1376可制作优质面条；小偃6号、小偃107远丰898制作的馒头品质优良。经结果分析认为，小偃6号为面包、面条、馒头兼用型小麦品种；陕优225为面包、面条兼用型小麦品种；远丰为面条，馒头兼用型小麦品种。     

河套地区不同品种小麦品质特性研究

以在河套地区种植的10个不同麦区主推的小麦品种为研究对象，探究小麦籽粒、小麦粉和面团基本特性。结果表明：其中有4个品种的6项指标都达到我国小麦品种品质分类标准中强筋小麦品种要求。小麦籽粒的面筋含量、沉降值与小麦粉的蛋白质含量、水分含量、形成时间、稳定时间、粉质指数呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),小麦籽粒的蛋白质含量、形变能量与小麦粉的湿面筋含量、水分含量、形成时间、最大拉伸阻力、能量、最大拉伸比呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。根据方差累计贡献率提取出4个主成分可以反映原变量92.899%的小麦品质特性综合信息，可为河套地区优质小麦品种的筛选、培育及不同品种小麦的深加工提供参考。     

西农黑大穗黑小麦营养特性与蒸煮食品加工品质评价

以黑小麦品种西农黑优为对照,研究西农黑大穗黑小麦的营养特性及蒸煮加工品质。结果表明:西农黑大穗千粒质量50.81g,高于西农黑优;灰分含量2.38%、蛋白质含量16.49%、总氨基酸含量13.12%,均高于西农黑优;面条感官评价得分84.63,馒头感官评价得分78.07。西农黑大穗黑小麦具有良好的面条加工性能,作为一种黑色食品新原料具有良好的开发前景。     

黑粒小麦76号的营养品质及其几个理化特性

分析了黑粒小麦７６号和我国春麦推广品种晋春九号及两个美国面包品种Ｋｌａｓｉｃ和Ｙｅｃｏｒａ的营养品质和几个理化特性。结果表明,黑粒小麦７６号的灰分、脂肪、蛋白质及必需氨基酸含量占总氨基酸含量的比例高于晋春九号和Ｋｌａｓｉｃ及Ｙｅｃｏｒａ,并且富含钙、磷、硒和脂溶性维生素ＶＫ。它的面筋含量高,但沉降值和面筋指数比Ｋｌａｓｉｃ和Ｙｅｃｏｒａ低,面筋强度差。其面粉膨胀体积比Ｋｌａｓｉｃ和Ｙｅｃｏｒａ小,     

面条、面包优质兼用小麦研究进展

小麦是我国重要的口粮作物,面条、面包优质兼用小麦更适合我国的具体国情,淀粉理化特性改良是当前选育优质兼用小麦品种的关键。本文综述了选育优质兼用小麦的重要性、可行性以及淀粉理化特性对面条、面包品质的影响及其调控,以期为小麦品质遗传改良提供参考。兼用优质小麦蛋白和面团特性接近优质面包小麦,淀粉理化特性明显优于优质面包小麦,与优质面条小麦相近,具体表现为直链淀粉含量较低,支链淀粉短链比例较高,中链比例较低,小淀粉粒比例较高,中型淀粉粒比例较低,淀粉糊化和膨胀特性好。淀粉理化特性主要源于品种差异,受一系列淀粉合成酶的调控,并受环境因素的巨大影响,因此应进一步加强遗传育种和栽培研究。     

彩粒小麦面包品质评价

彩粒小麦富含蛋白质、氨基酸和对人体有益的微量元素或矿物质,具有较高的营养保健作用和加工品质,从而成为食品加工中的特殊原料,可被制成各种高营养功能食品.为了考察我校培育的5个彩粒小麦的面包加工品质,以同一试验田同时种植、采收、加工的济麦19为对照,根据GB/T14611-1993进行了5个彩粒小麦品系的面包制作及其感官品质评价,并采用质构分析法评价了面包的质构特性.结果显示,绿麦面包感官总分最高,D4红次之,二者高于对照济麦19,而质构品质各有特色.感官和质构评价结果都显示,红5、黑3、红6的面包品质低于济麦19,其中红5较差,黑3更差,红6最差.面包质构品质评价与感官评价结果基本一致,说明可以采用质构特性值辅助评价面包加工品质,可避免感官评价的主观性.     

复合酶制剂对甜酒酿面包发酵烘焙特性的影响

选用中国特色传统甜酒曲制作的甜酒酿进行面包制作,通过面团流变学分析、生物化学分析、激光共聚焦 显微观察、感官评定等多种手段对甜酒酿面团及面包的品质进行综合评估,与普通小麦面包进行对比,并使用天然 酶制剂来提高含甜酒酿面包的发酵烘焙特性。结果表明：含甜酒酿面团游离巯基含量增加,蛋白酶活力较强,甜酒 酿对面包面团面筋网络结构的形成有破坏作用,会导致面包内聚性、弹性下降,降低口感评分。但甜酒酿能给面包 带来更加诱人的色泽,其特有的酒香使面包更加可口,通过酶制剂的作用,面团面筋网络结构得到强化,含酶甜酒 酿面包品质全面提升,比普通小麦面包更受欢迎。     

板栗淀粉、蛋白质及全粉的特性及在面包中应用研究

基于淀粉和蛋白质对面包品质至关重要,分析板栗粉、板栗淀粉及板栗蛋白的特性,并探索对面包品质的影响。板栗粉中淀粉（52.87%）、蛋白质（6.58%）均低于高筋小麦粉。与小麦淀粉相比,板栗淀粉更易溶胀、糊化,但热稳定性较差。与小麦蛋白相比,板栗蛋白的α-螺旋含量(10.6%)较低,无规卷曲（34.4%）较高。这些特性正好反映了,随着板栗粉的添加量提高,板栗粉-小麦粉混合粉粉质品质和面包比容均呈下降趋势。当板栗粉添加量为10%时,面包体积最大、气孔细密、评分最佳。     

小麦淀粉特性与面包烘烤品质的相关性

利用国内外40个面包小麦品种(系)进行了淀粉性状与面包烘烤品质性状的相关性分析，比较了国内外小麦在加工品质和淀粉性状的差异。结果表明，直链淀粉含量与面包品质性状(Zeleny沉淀值、面团形成时间和稳定时间)呈极显著负相关；淀粉总量与面包品质性状呈负相关，但相关不显著；面粉膨胀势与面包品质性状呈极显著正相关。国内外小麦品种(系)相比，Zeleny沉淀值、面团形成时间和稳定时间等性状差异较大；在淀粉性状和面包品质性状上，国外小麦品种(系)明显优于国内材料。讨论认为，蛋白质和淀粉对小麦的面包烘烤品质都有一定的影响。直链淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量和膨胀势可作为小麦品质育种亲本选配、后代选择的指标。改良我国小麦淀粉的主要目标是降低直链淀粉含量。     

Effect of Rice, Corn and Soy Flour Addition on Characteristics of Bread Produced from Different Wheat Cultivars

Preparation and consumption of bread enriched with flours that contain appreciable amounts of protein, lysine, dietary fiber, and minerals will provide a healthy alternative to consumers and also a lowering of bread making cost in countries where wheat is not a major domestic crop. Addition of rice, corn, and soy flour to bread and durum wheat flours at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50% levels was carried out to examine the effects on the baking (specific volume, color, firmness) and sensory characteristics of bread. Dough rheological properties were also studied using Brabender Farinograph and Extensograph. Results of the present study suggest that incorporation of rice, corn, and soy in bread wheat flour up to a level of 10% (flour basis) and in durum wheat flour up to 20% produces bread without any negative effect in quality attributes such as color, hardness, and flavor and reasonable acceptance offering promising nutritious and healthy alternative to consumers. Increasing levels of substitution (30 and 50%) resulted in decreasing dough strength, extensibility, and loaf volume, due to the replacement of gluten by the added protein. Overall acceptability scores of these breads were found to be very low. The durum flour can be substituted with nongluten flours up to 10% more than the bread wheat flour because of its stronger gluten matrix and better dough rheological characteristics.     

Fatty acids composition and rheology properties of wheat and wheat and white or brown rice flour mixture

Manufacturing of bread from rice flour only presents technological difficulty because the rice is gluten-free and gluten is the most important structure forming protein. By using wheat and rice flour mixture, this problem can be avoided, and end product is enriched by rice-oil constituents. In this paper fatty acids composition, with an emphasis on total saturated, and total unsaturated fatty acids, rheological and baking properties of wheat–rice flour mixture (70:30 w/w) were investigated. The results show that wheat–rice flour mixture has better fatty acids composition with higher content of stearic, arachidic, lignoceric, oleic, and phthalic acids compared to wheat flour. Also, wheat flour did not include myristic, arachidic, lignoceric and linolenic acids, so rice flour addition made fatty acids profile richer as number of constituents is higher, nine instead six. The content of total unsaturated fatty acids content was higher in wheat–brown rice flour mixture than in wheat flour and in wheat–white rice flour mixture. When rice flour was added to wheat flour the rheological properties were changed: flour mixture had less water absorption, less degree of softening, longer development time, higher gelatinization temperature, but better stability and finally, better quality number and group than wheat flour. So, the wheat and rice flour mixture can be considered as a good quality flour and can be used for making good quality wheat-rice bread and cake.     

大豆蛋白在面包中应用的研究

本课题对大豆蛋白在面包中的应用进行了研究,确定了将脱脂豆粉添加于面粉制作大豆蛋白强化面包的配方和工艺条件。所做强化面包体积增大,面包心无粘感,无豆腥味,其蛋白质含量比未强化前提高50％以上,并且面包重量增加、抗老化性提高,各项质量指标均符合我国面包质量标准。     

Optimization of Additive Combination for Improved Soy–Wheat Bread Quality

The protein content of ordinary white bread ranges from 8% to 9%. Specialty breads can be made with 13–16% protein by including soy protein. However, incorporating high levels of soy protein depresses loaf volume, gives poor crumb characteristics, and decreases acceptability. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (SSL), transglutaminase (TG), and xylanase (HE) on high-protein dough properties and bread quality and to improve dough handling and bread quality of soy–wheat bread by using an optimized additive combination. The influence of SSL, TG, and HE on soy–wheat dough and bread properties was modeled by response surface methodology. The negative effect of soy products on gluten network was confirmed. With regards to the additives tested and their combination, TG showed a major improving effect on dough rheological properties and crumb uniformity, whereas SSL and HE enhanced both dough and bread quality. The best formulation tested produced an increment of approximately 65% soy–wheat bread volume and a decrease of 79% and 71% crumb hardness and chewiness, respectively, compared with the standard formulation.     

Seasonal effects on storage proteins and gluten strength in four Swedish wheat cultivars

Weather variations in Sweden result in differences in the bread‐making quality of wheat. This study investigated whether the variation in bread‐making quality caused by yearly weather fluctuations could be explained by variation in protein composition, amount of storage proteins, protein subunits and protein groups, and relative amount and size distribution of polymeric proteins. Four spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L) cultivars grown in Sweden during three different years were investigated. Bread‐making quality and gluten strength were measured using baking and glutograph tests. SDS‐PAGE, SE‐HPLC, RP‐HPLC and ELISA were applied for investigation of protein composition, amount of storage proteins, protein subunits and protein groups, and relative amount and size distribution of polymeric proteins. The bread volume within cultivars varied depending on the cultivation year. The highest gluten strength was found in 1994 and the weakest in 1991. Variation in composition or relative amount of specific storage proteins, protein subunits or protein groups could not explain the variation in gluten strength between years. Instead, a significant relationship was found between the cultivation year and the percentage of unextractable polymeric protein in the total polymeric protein. The percentage of unextractable polymeric protein in the total polymeric protein was found to be highest during years when gluten strength was also high. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry