油炸时间和温度对模拟马铃薯片油脂吸收的影响

为了研究油炸时间与温度对油炸样品的油脂吸收的影响,以马铃薯淀粉和水为原料,配制出模拟马铃薯片,以此简单体系为研究对象,采用染色油的方法来测定不同分布的油脂含量,从而得出表面油脂、表面渗透油脂、结构油脂、总油脂的含量。结果表明,样品总油脂和结构油脂含量随着油炸时间的增加而增加,表面渗透油脂含量随着时间的增加先上升后下降,而油炸时间对表面油脂的含量影响不显著。随着油炸温度的上升,总油脂含量显著增加,结构油脂含量呈现上升趋势;在180℃和200℃下,表面油脂含量之间没有显著性差异;140℃和其他温度下的表面渗透油脂含量存在显著差异。     

油脂饱和度对油炸马铃薯片品质的影响

以玉米油、花生油、大豆油、大豆棕榈调和油、棕榈油5种不同饱和度油脂作为煎炸用油,以马铃薯片为煎炸内容物,于140℃循环煎炸。考察马铃薯片的油脂含量、水分含量、色泽、酥脆性以及感官评分的变化,综合分析油脂饱和度对油炸马铃薯片品质的影响。结果表明:煎炸油脂的饱和度显著影响油炸马铃薯片的品质(p 0.05),随着煎炸油脂饱和度的增加,油炸马铃薯片的油脂含量呈降低的趋势,水分含量呈增加的趋势,L值呈增大的趋势,表明马铃薯片颜色随着煎炸油脂饱和度的增加而越发鲜亮;油炸马铃薯片的酥脆性、感官评分亦随煎炸油脂饱和度的增加呈显著增加的趋势(p 0.05)。由此可知,相对于不饱和度较高的玉米油、花生油、大豆油,饱和度较高的棕榈油更加适合马铃薯片的煎炸。     

物料组成对重组马铃薯片油脂吸收的影响

为了研究物料组成对油炸样品油脂吸收的影响,以不同比例的马铃薯淀粉、谷朊粉、大豆分离蛋白和水为原料制备不同体系的重组马铃薯片,采用染色法测定体系中不同类型的油脂的含量,并利用扫描电镜(SEM)和体视显微镜(SM)观察油炸前后的结构特征。结果表明,重组体系中的蛋白质量分数越高,总油脂和结构油脂含量越低,添加谷朊粉的重组体系比添加大豆分离蛋白体系的总油脂含量低10.04%~16.69%。蛋白质的添加均会影响油炸前后的重组马铃薯片的表面及内部结构,且油脂含量随着蛋白质量分数的增加而降低。     

小麦淀粉和谷蛋白互作对油炸外裹糊鲢鱼鱼糜块油脂分布的影响

采用小麦淀粉和谷蛋白以质量比15∶1、13∶1、11∶1、9∶1和7∶1为外裹糊制作油炸外裹糊鲢鱼鱼糜块,测定外壳中谷蛋白的表面疏水性（H0）、游离巯基含量、二硫键含量及二级结构、小麦淀粉的晶体结构、油炸外裹糊鱼糜块的表面油脂及表面渗透油脂含量,观察外壳的微观结构和油脂分布;探讨小麦淀粉与谷蛋白相互作用对油炸外裹糊鱼糜块油脂分布的影响。结果显示：随着小麦淀粉和谷蛋白质量比减小,H0先升高后降低,游离巯基含量逐渐减少,二硫键含量逐渐增加;谷蛋白的β-转角结构向β-折叠转化;表面油脂、表面渗透油脂的含量和小麦淀粉的相对结晶度呈先降低后升高的趋势;外壳中的孔隙先减小后增大,油脂分布呈先减少后增加的趋势。小麦淀粉和谷蛋白质量比为11∶1时,H0(8 990)最高,小麦淀粉的相对结晶度（17.8%）、表面油脂（2.1%）和表面渗透油脂的含量（5.8%）最低,外壳的结构最紧密,油脂分布最少。以上结果表明,外裹糊中小麦淀粉和谷蛋白质量比改变了其相互作用,最终影响了油炸外裹糊鱼糜块中的油脂分布。     

深度油炸过程中油脂劣变对薯条中油脂和水分含量的影响及水分替代规律

为研究马铃薯条对不同油脂的吸收规律,使用深度油炸1、3、5 d后的大豆油、油茶籽油及两种油脂不同比例调和油煎炸马铃薯条,测定马铃薯条在油炸过程中总油脂、表面油脂、结构油脂、水分含量的变化。结果发现:对于同一种油脂来说,马铃薯条中总油脂含量随油炸时间的延长而增加;对于各新鲜油脂处理组马铃薯条,当油炸时间小于150 s时,总油脂含量随油炸时间的延长而明显增加,当油炸时间超过150 s时,总油脂含量随油炸时间的延长变化不明显,油炸240 s后的总油脂含量接近0.22 g/g。油脂劣变程度对油炸马铃薯条的油脂含量有明显影响,对于相同劣变程度的油脂,随油炸时间延长,油脂黏度增大,马铃薯条对油脂吸附能力增强,表现为所有处理组马铃薯条的表面油脂含量的升高。在油炸过程中,当油炸时间小于120 s时,水分含量变化速率随着反复油炸时间的延长而降低;油炸150～240 s时,总油脂含量与水分含量的比值随着油炸时间的延长差异逐渐增加,其中在使用深度油炸3、5 d的油处理时,油茶籽油油炸组最高。     

薯片在油炸过程中品质变化及其货架期预测

为了探究薯片在油炸过程中品质变化,以不同油炸时间马铃薯片为研究对象,测定马铃薯片的品质变化,观察其微观结构并对马铃薯片货架期进行预测。结果表明:随油炸时间的延长,马铃薯片的水分含量降低,含油率升高,脆度变化较大;马铃薯片表面淀粉颗粒糊化逐渐形成凸起和空隙,由于外皮壳的保护作用,空隙先在横断面中出现,薯片内部空隙多于其表面;通过比较脱脂前后薯片,表明薯片与煎炸油之间以物理作用为主;随着薯片贮藏时间的延长,薯片中油脂的酸值、过氧化值和羰基值逐渐增大,根据Arrhenius方程预测薯片在20℃的货架期约为102d。     

燕麦β-葡聚糖对油炸外裹糊及鸡块含油量的影响

将3 种多糖（燕麦β-葡聚糖、菊粉、魔芋葡甘露聚糖）分别加入外裹糊中,测定不同多糖对油炸外裹糊品质的影响,筛选出燕麦β-葡聚糖用于进一步研究,测定其不同添加量对油炸外裹糊鸡块的水分含量、含油量、色泽、感官品质和油脂分布的影响。结果表明,燕麦β-葡聚糖可以有效降低油炸外裹糊鸡块的油脂含量、提高水分含量及裹糊率。随着燕麦β-葡聚糖添加量的增加,油炸外裹糊鸡块外壳的含油量呈先降低后增加的趋势,内部鸡肉的含油量无明显变化;油炸外裹糊鸡块水分含量与鸡块裹糊率呈先增加后降低的趋势;当燕麦β-葡聚糖添加量为1.5%时,油炸外裹糊鸡块有较好的金黄色泽和感官品质。综上,外裹糊中添加燕麦β-葡聚糖可以改善油炸外裹糊鸡块的持水阻油能力,降低油炸外裹糊鸡块中的油脂含量。     

不同油炸温度下糯米糕水分及油脂含量分布

本实验以糯米为原料制作糯米糕,在150、160、170、180和190℃的温度下分别油炸6 min,冷却后得糯米糕全糕,并剥离成外壳层、中间层和中心层三部分,通过对比原糯米粉、糯米糕全糕、外壳层、中间层和中心层的水分、油脂含量,研究不同温度下油炸糯米糕中的水分及油脂含量分布。结果表明,与原糯米粉相比,水分含量为:原糯米粉>中心层>全糕>中间层>外壳层,而油脂含量为:外壳层>全糕>中间层>中心层>原糯米粉。低场核磁共振测定表明,结合水含量:原糯米粉>中心层>全糕>中间层>外壳层;油脂含量结果与国标法测定结果一致。油炸温度对油脂含量有一定影响,随着温度升高,外壳层油脂含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,170℃油脂含量最高,为17.63%。油炸糯米糕在不同油炸温度下各部位自由水、结合水与油脂变化趋势相同,实际油炸时可选用150~160℃温度进行。     

油炸对马铃薯淀粉特性的影响

本文采用直接油炸淀粉的方法,研究不同油炸温度对马铃薯淀粉结构和性能的影响。采用电子扫描显微镜(SEM)、偏光显微镜、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、Brabender 粘度仪等对油炸处理后淀粉的颗粒形态、结晶结构、糊化性质、透明度及冻融稳定性等进行测定分析。结果表明,随着油炸温度的升高,马铃薯淀粉的颗粒表面结构发生了明显的变化,淀粉颗粒表面出现凹陷、膨胀和破裂,样品的偏光十字双折射强度减弱,甚至消失;油炸破坏了淀粉的结晶结构,180℃油炸淀粉结构变化最显著,最适于淀粉的消化吸收;随着油炸温度的升高,样品粘度逐渐降低,且峰值粘度小于原淀粉;油炸淀粉的透光率较低,冻融稳定性较差,且均低于原淀粉,油炸淀粉类食品不适于冷冻。     

深度油炸过程煎炸油的氧化及其对油炸外裹糊鱼块品质的影响

目的 探究深度油炸过程煎炸油的氧化,并进一步研究煎炸油氧化对油炸外裹糊鱼块品质的影响。方法 分别采用棕榈油、大豆油、葵花籽油、小麦胚芽油在150℃、160℃、170℃、180℃、190℃下油炸外裹糊鱼块,测定煎炸油的酸价、过氧化值、黏度、介电常数以及油炸外裹糊鱼块外壳的水分含量、油脂含量、表面色度。结果 随着油炸温度的升高,煎炸油的游离脂肪酸含量增加,导致煎炸油的酸价、黏度和介电常数升高,过氧化值呈现波动下降的趋势;油炸外裹糊鱼块的水分含量逐渐减少,油脂含量逐渐增加,L*和b*值呈递减趋势、a*值呈递增趋势,且使用4种煎炸油的各项指标存在明显差异。结论 煎炸油的油炸温度和不饱和脂肪酸含量显著影响了煎炸油的氧化,导致外裹糊鱼块深度油炸过程中水分蒸发和油脂吸收有明显差异,最终影响了油炸外裹糊鱼块的品质。     

响应面试验优化胡椒鲜果油炸工艺

为优化胡椒鲜果油炸的工艺,选取油炸温度、油炸时间、料油比为影响因素,以油炸胡椒鲜果中胡椒碱和胡椒精油含量为指标进行研究。在单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken试验设计构建多项式回归方程的模型,通过响应面分析得到胡椒鲜果最优油炸工艺为：油炸温度92 ℃、油炸时间3 min、料油比1∶1。此条件下胡椒鲜果油炸品质最优,胡椒碱含量预测值为4.28 g/100 g,胡椒精油含量预测值为1.73 mL/100 g,而胡椒碱含量真实值为4.23 g/100 g,胡椒精油含量真实值为1.71 mL/100 g,与预测结果相对偏差仅为1.27%和1.24%。     

Structure Oil-Absorption Relationships During Deep-Fat Frying

ABSTRACT Analysis of the oil-absorption process in deep-fat fried potato cylinders (frying temperatures of 155°C, 170°C, and 185°C) allowed to distinguish 3 oil fractions: structural oil (absorbed during frying), penetrated surface oil (suctioned during cooling), and surface oil. Results showed that a small amount of oil penetrates during frying because most of the oil was picked up at the end of the process, suggesting that oil uptake and water removal are not synchronous phenomena. After cooling, oil was located either on the surface of the chip or suctioned into the porous crust microstructure, with an inverse relationship between them for increasing frying times.     

海藻酸钠和低甲氧基果胶抑制油炸甘薯淀粉吸油效果及结构变化（网络首发、推荐阅读）

为探明海藻酸钠（sodium alginate,AG）和低甲氧基果胶（low methoxyl pectin,LMP）对油炸甘薯淀粉吸油率的影响,使用低场核磁共振仪、激光共聚焦显微镜、X射线衍射仪、红外光谱及差示扫描量热仪分别分析了添加0.5%（w/w）、2%（w/w）AG和2%（w/w）LMP的油炸甘薯淀粉的油含量及其分布、热性质等。结果表明,添加AG或LMP可以显著降低油炸甘薯淀粉总油含量,油主要分布在淀粉颗粒表层,淀粉结晶类型由A+V型变为V型,糊化焓和相对结晶度明显降低。与添加LMP的油炸甘薯淀粉相比,添加AG后总油含量、相对结晶度和糊化焓更低。添加AG质量分数为2%时,油炸甘薯淀粉糊化程度最高,淀粉颗粒表层呈连续、致密结构,总油含量和表层油含量均为最低。可为健康、低脂油炸淀粉类食品加工提供参考。     

Deep‐fat frying under moderate vacuum of potato cylinders

This study evaluates parameters relating to the mass transfer during the frying of potato cylinders at different temperatures (100, 120 and 140 °C) and moderate vacuum (around 25 kPa). In all cases, there is a linear relation between water loss and fat uptake. The parameters relating to the textural and structural modifications show less marked changes in vacuum fried products compared to those fried under atmospheric pressure. The maximum penetration force reaches 30%–40% of the initial hardness in vacuum frying and 10% for atmospheric pressure frying; starch gelatinization and pectin methylesterase enzyme activity reduce more quickly under atmospheric pressure, although after 240 s both values are negligible. The scanning electron microscopy images verify that the surface of potato cylinders fried under vacuum or atmospheric pressure are completely different as a result of the steam being released at different temperatures.     

家庭烹调对鲟鱼中脂肪酸和胆固醇的影响

对杂交鲟鱼（Acipenser baerii×A. schrenckii）进行了清蒸、油煎、微波、微波烤、烤箱烤和压力锅煎6 种家庭烹调处理,测定其脂肪和胆固醇含量、脂肪氧化指标和各脂肪酸含量的变化。结果表明,所有烹调方法均降低了n-3/n-6多不饱和脂肪酸含量的比值,其中压力烹调比值最高（0.85）,清蒸次之（0.83）,而烤箱烤最低（0.73）。胆固醇保存率以清蒸和压力锅煎最高,两种处理间无显著差异。烹调后样品酸价和硫代巴比妥酸值上升而过氧化值下降,并与样品的胆固醇含量相关。清蒸和压力烹调中脂肪酸和胆固醇变化相对较少,可能与其密闭烹调条件造成氧化程度较低有关。     

不同煎炸食材对高油酸菜籽油煎炸稳定性的影响

为研究高油酸菜籽油作为煎炸油的潜力,使用高油酸菜籽油煎炸土豆、鸡柳和豆腐3种不同食材18 h,分析煎炸过程中油样的总极性组分含量、酸值、过氧化值、碘值和脂肪酸组成的变化,并对煎炸食品进行了吸油率测定和感官评价,研究煎炸食材对高油酸菜籽油煎炸稳定性的影响。结果表明：3种食材对高油酸菜籽油总极性组分含量、酸值、过氧化值和碘值影响大小顺序均为土豆>鸡柳>豆腐;煎炸18 h时,3组高油酸菜籽油的单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量降低,而饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量增加,其中煎炸土豆的高油酸菜籽油PUFA含量降幅最大,煎炸鸡柳的高油酸菜籽SFA含量增幅最大;煎炸3 h,3种食材感官评分分别达到了9.32、924分和9.12分,之后随着煎炸时间的延长感官评分降低,但豆腐的降幅最小。综上,结合豆腐水分含量高的特性,推测高油酸菜籽油更适合用于高水分含量食材的煎炸,且最佳煎炸时间应控制在3 h之内。     

Quality changes in chicken nuggets fried in oils with different degrees of hydrogenatation

Quality changes in chicken nuggets fried in different mixtures of hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated canola oils were studied. Colour, texture, oil and moisture contents of the chicken nugget samples fried at 190 °C for 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 300 s were investigated. The proportions of hydrogenated to non-hydrogenated frying oils used in the study were 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%.Results indicate that increase in frying time resulted in decreased product lightness (L*) whereas redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) increased. The maximum load to puncture increased with increasing frying time. In addition, oil content increased slowly with frying time, and moisture content decreased as expected. Both frying times and oil types have significant effects on the quality parameters investigated. First-order kinetic equation was used to describe colour changes as well as oil and moisture contents of the samples. Oil and moisture contents had negative correlation relationship. With increasing degree of oil hydrogenation, the surface colour of the fried chicken nuggets samples were lighter, texture increased, oil and moisture contents decreased.     

常压煎炸和真空煎炸对中国对虾品质的影响

探究常压煎炸和真空煎炸对中国对虾理化性质和感官品质的影响。测定了不同煎炸温度下两种煎炸方式对中国对虾的水分含量、含油量、色泽、虾青素含量和感官品质的影响。结果表明：随着煎炸温度的升高,两种煎炸方式下中国对虾的水分含量均降低,含油量均增加,但真空煎炸下中国对虾的变化幅度较低;两种煎炸方式下中国对虾的虾青素含量均随着煎炸温度的升高呈现先增加后减少的趋势;相同热驱动力下,真空煎炸的中国对虾的色泽、虾青素含量和感官品质均优于常压煎炸的。相比于常压煎炸,真空煎炸的中国对虾品质更佳。     

Comparison of vacuum and atmospheric deep-fat frying of wheat starch and gluten based snacks

Vacuum frying was compared with atmospheric frying in the development of wheat starch and gluten based snacks in terms of oil uptake, texture, expansion, and color development. The comparison was based on the concept of equivalent thermal driving force (ETDF) (i.e., keeping a constant difference between the oil temperature and boiling point of water at the working pressure). Vacuum fried snacks were observed to absorb lower oil content at all ETDFs and as low as 27% less of atmospherically fried samples and lighter in color. A very strong relationship existed between texture and oil content on one hand; and expansion and oil content on the other hand for fried matrices from both technologies. SEM was used in validating the result. Vacuum frying can be used for the development of acceptable fabricated fried snacks from wheat starch and gluten with lower oil content and acceptable textural and color properties.

     

Effects of maltodextrin level,frying temperature and time on the moisture,oil and beta‐carotene contents of vacuum‐fried apricot slices

Response surface methodology was used to investigate the effects of frying temperature, time and maltodextrin (MD) levels on the moisture, oil and beta‐carotene contents of the vacuum‐fried apricot slices. Based on the results, the moisture content of vacuum‐fried apricot slices decreases with increasing frying temperature and frying time. Generally, the oil content of vacuum‐fried apricot slices decreases with decreasing frying temperature and frying time. The beta‐carotene content of vacuum‐fried apricot slices increases with increasing frying temperature. But the trend of increase in the beta‐carotene content of the product with frying temperature was higher at lower MD level. When processing vacuum‐fried apricot slices, a frying temperature of 100 °C, frying time of 72.5 min and an MD level of 70% must be used to achieve a product of acceptable moisture, oil and beta‐carotene contents.