吡噻菌胺及其代谢物在柑橘中的残留行为及膳食风险评估

目的 建立基于超高效液相色谱-串联质谱的柑橘中吡噻菌胺及其代谢物1-甲基-3-（三氟甲基）-1H-吡唑-4-甲酰胺(1-methyl-3-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, PAM)残留分析方法,并开展残留实验,以研究吡噻菌胺及其代谢物在柑橘中的残留行为及膳食风险评估。方法 样品中残留的吡噻菌胺及PAM采用乙腈提取后,经N-丙基乙二胺和无水硫酸镁净化,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪检测,基质匹配外标法定量。结果 在0.0005~0.0500 mg/L范围内呈线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999;添加浓度为0.010~1.000 mg/kg时,吡噻菌胺及代谢物在柑橘中平均回收率范围分别为87%~101%和85%~106%,最大相对标准偏差为6.5%,方法定量限(limits of quantification, LOQs)均为0.010 mg/kg;以推荐剂量施药,吡噻菌胺总残留量在柑橘全果中半衰期为18.2 d;末次施药后间隔21 d采集的全果、果肉、果皮中吡噻菌胺总残留量平均值分别为0.277、0.091和0.473 mg/kg。膳食风险评估表明,吡噻菌胺在不同人群中的膳食风险概率均远小于100%。结论 该方法简便、准确、灵敏度高,可用于柑橘中吡噻菌胺及其代谢物的残留检测。最终残留量实验显示,全果、果肉、果皮中吡噻菌胺总残留量均未超过已制定的最大残留限量,对不同人群产生的膳食风险可接受。     

露地土壤-芹菜体系噻虫嗪及其代谢产物噻虫胺残留与消长规律研究

目的 探明露地土壤-芹菜体系噻虫嗪及其代谢产物噻虫胺的残留与消长规律。方法 在河北张家口开展露地芹菜噻虫嗪、噻虫胺的最终残留和消解动态试验,样品通过10 mL乙腈提取,提取溶液经50 mg N-丙基乙二胺和3 mg多壁碳纳米管净化后,采用气相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱法在质谱多反应监测模式下检测噻虫嗪和噻虫胺的残留量。结果 噻虫嗪和噻虫胺在芹菜上的回收率范围分别为 80.7%~90.5%、76.1%~103.0%;在土壤上分别为74.0%~96.4%、84.9%~86.7%,最终残留实验中,用药后第10 d噻虫嗪在芹菜残留量为0.188 mg/kg,低于国家规定的最大残留限量(maximum residue limit, MRL),噻虫胺为0.112 mg/ kg,超出其MRL值。噻虫嗪在芹菜上的消解动力学方程为C=2.7244 e-0.246 t,r2为0.9094,半衰期为2.82 d。噻虫嗪在土壤中沉积量呈现先上升再下降趋势,峰值为0.33 mg/kg;噻虫胺在土壤中未见明显趋势。结论 噻虫嗪在芹菜上施用后的残留风险较低,但其代谢产物噻虫胺有残留风险。噻虫嗪与噻虫胺施用对土壤环境影响较小。     

噻苯隆在草莓和土壤中的残留动态及膳食评估

为明确草莓中施用噻苯隆的作用、噻苯隆在草莓和土壤中的残留行为及其产生的膳食摄入风险,开展了规范残留试验并监测了噻苯隆对草莓生长和品质的影响,同时对草莓中噻苯隆残留带来的急性膳食摄入风险进行了评估。噻苯隆在草莓和土壤中的消解符合一级动力学方程,在草莓中的半衰期为1.31-1.44 d,土壤中的残留半衰期为1.69-1.87 d,草莓中正常收获期的最大残留量为0.0023 mg/kg,土壤中的最终残留量均低于方法定量限。噻苯隆可增加草莓单果重,提高产量,可溶性糖含量也有所升高,推荐使用剂量为2 mg/L浓度喷施2次。草莓中噻苯隆残留对普通人群和儿童的膳食摄入暴露量分别为0.023和0.043 μg/kg bw/d,仅占ARfD的0.058-0.11%,均在可接受范围内,说明草莓中噻苯隆残留带来的膳食摄入风险极低。     

4种小作物中嘧菌酯残留量的检测及膳食风险评估

目的建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用法检测4种小作物(茄子、苦瓜、葱和蕹菜)中嘧菌酯残留的分析方法,探明嘧菌酯在4种小作物中的残留特性和使用安全性。方法样品经乙腈提取,QuEChERS方法净化,在电喷雾正离子(electrospray positive ion,ESI+)模式下,用UPLC-MS/MS采用多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring,MRM)模式检测。结果嘧菌酯在0.001～2 mg/L浓度范围内溶剂标准曲线和空白基质匹配标准曲线均有良好线性,相关系数在0.9989～1之间。在0.01～20 mg/kg添加水平内平均回收率为73.5%～109.7%,相对标准差(relative standard deviation,RSD)为1.5%～8.9%,方法的检出限(limits of detection,LOD)为0.001 mg/L,最低检测浓度(limits of quantification,LOQ)为0.01 mg/kg。25%嘧菌酯水分散粒剂在4种小作物中的半衰期分别为3.9、2.7、4.6和2.5 d;连续多次施药10 d后在茄子和苦瓜中残留量最大值分别为0.015 mg/kg和0.018 mg/kg;连续多次施药14 d后在葱和蕹菜中残留量最大值分别为1.43 mg/kg和0.450 mg/kg;膳食风险商值(risk quotient,RQ)为0.0002～0.0959,均低于1。结论该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高,能有效克服杂质干扰,膳食风险结果表明使用25%嘧菌酯水分散粒剂防治蔬菜病害风险较小,相对安全。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定豇豆及其栽培土壤中吡唑萘菌胺及其代谢物和嘧菌酯

目的建立用于豇豆及土壤中吡唑萘菌胺及其代谢物和嘧菌酯残留量检测的液相色谱-串联质谱方法。方法采用水和乙腈提取匀浆后豇豆和土壤样品,经N-丙基乙二胺和无水硫酸镁净化,使用甲醇(A)和0.05%甲酸水(B)作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,质谱(ESI+)采用多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring,MRM)对吡唑萘菌胺及其代谢物和嘧菌酯的定量离子和定性离子进行扫描,结合目标物标准曲线进行定量分析。结果经过3个水平的添加回收率实验,建立方法的平均回收率在74%~101%之间,相对标准偏差0.9%~9.2%(n=5)。吡唑萘菌胺顺式异构体(SYN 534969)、吡唑萘菌胺反式异构体(SYN 534968)、吡唑萘菌胺代谢物一(SYN545364)、吡唑萘菌胺代谢物二(SYN 545449)和嘧菌酯的仪器检出限分别为0.1、0.1、0.1、0.8和0.03 mg/kg,加标回收实验得出吡唑萘菌胺代谢物二(SYN 545449)在豇豆和土壤中的最低检出浓度均为0.05 mg/kg,吡唑萘菌胺顺式异构体、反式异构体、吡唑萘菌胺代谢物一(SYN 545364)及嘧菌酯的最低检出浓度均为0.005 mg/kg。结论该方法简单、快速、准确,灵敏度高,适用于豇豆及土壤中吡唑萘菌胺及其代谢物和嘧菌酯残留量检测。     

QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定噻虫嗪在芥菜叶和芥菜根中的残留和消解动态研究

目的 建立QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱串联质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS)测定芥菜叶和芥菜根中噻虫嗪残留的分析方法, 并研究田间试验条件下噻虫嗪在芥菜叶和芥菜根中的残留及消解动态。方法 样品经乙腈涡旋提取, QuEChERS(Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safty)方法净化后, 采用UPLC-MS/MS测定, 外标法定量分析。结果 噻虫嗪在0.002~1.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数r=0.9999, 方法检出限(limit of detection, LOD, S/N=3)为0.001 mg/kg, 定量限(limit of quantitation, LOQ)为0.005 mg/kg。在0.005、0.1、1.0 mg/kg的添加水平下, 噻虫嗪在芥菜叶中的回收率为81%~111%, 相对标准偏差为2%~10%; 噻虫嗪在芥菜根中的回收率为70%~104%, 相对标准偏差为2%~10%。测得噻虫嗪在芥菜叶和芥菜根上残留量分别为<0.005~1.56 mg/kg和0.005~0.16 mg/kg, 小于中国规定的最大残留限量(maximum residue limit, MRL)5 mg/kg(芥菜叶)和0.3 mg/kg(芥菜根)。在芥菜上使用噻虫嗪, 有效剂量为30 g a.i./hm2, 施药2次时, 不会造成其在芥菜叶和芥菜根中残留超标的风险。结论 该方法简单、准确、实用性强, 适用于芥菜叶和芥菜根中噻虫嗪的定量分析。     

QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定蔬菜中9种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂

建立了采用QuEChERS方法提取净化,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（UPLC/MS/MS）同时测定蔬菜中的9种甲氧基丙烯酸酯（Z-苯氧菌酯、E-苯氧菌酯、嘧菌酯、肟嘧菌胺、醚菌胺、啶氧菌酯、吡唑醚菌酯、肟菌酯、嘧螨酯）杀菌剂残留量的方法。样品经乙腈提取,采用正交试验验优选N-丙基乙二胺（PSA）和C₁₈以及石墨化炭黑（GCB）净化用量。使用0.05%甲酸水和0.05%甲酸乙腈作为流动相梯度洗脱,目标化合物经岛津Shim-PackC₁₈色谱柱（2.1 mm×50 mm,2 μm）分离,在正离子模式下进行测定。结果表明,9种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂在1～100 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,决定系数在0.9942～0.9995之间,方法检出限（LOD）为0.05～0.3 μg/kg,定量限（LOQ）为0.2～0.9 μg/kg。在2、10和20 μg/kg三个添加水平下,五种蔬菜的回收率在77.26%～111.73%之间,相对标准偏差在0.46%～6.59%之间。该方法准确、快速、便捷、灵敏度高,能够满足蔬菜中9种甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂的痕量检测要求。     

蜂花粉中新烟碱农药的残留分析及膳食摄入风险评估

该研究探讨了我国不同植物源66个蜂花粉样品中8种新烟碱农药的残留情况,并根据残留结果进行普通人群膳食摄入风险评估。结果发现,样品检出率为50.0%,共检出5种新烟碱农药,包括啶虫脒、吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺和呋虫胺,检出率最高的为噻虫嗪（31.8%）,残留浓度最高为啶虫脒（195.1 ng/g）。4种植物源的蜂花粉中新烟碱农药的残留存在显著差异：茶花粉的检出率显著高于其他3种花粉;杂花粉的残留浓度显著高于茶花粉和油菜花粉,残留浓度从高到低依次为杂花粉、荞麦粉、茶花粉、油菜花粉。来自6个主要地区的蜂花粉残留情况也有所不同,这可能跟我国不同地区和不同作物中新烟碱农药的施用情况相关。依据新烟碱农药的残留浓度进行人类膳食摄入风险评估,评估结果（风险商值均小于1%）说明蜂花粉中的新烟碱农药残留风险可接受。     

植物生长调节剂对番茄产量和品质的影响及膳食摄入风险评估

目的 明确不同植物生长调节剂赤霉酸、2,4-滴和噻苯隆对番茄产量和品质的影响, 掌握它们在番茄中的残留情况以及对不同人群的膳食摄入风险。方法 在番茄花期施用植物生长调节剂赤霉酸、2,4滴和噻苯隆各1次, 正常成熟期采摘, 分析不同植物生长调节剂处理对番茄产量和品质的影响及残留情况, 整合两年的番茄市场监测数据, 利用农药残留专家联席会议农药急性膳食风险摄入量计算法和@risk定量风险评估软件, 对番茄中3种植物生长调节剂残留在我国不同人群中的膳食摄入风险进行评估。结果 3种植物生长调节剂均可显著提高番茄的产量和品质(P<0.05), 其中噻苯隆效果最显著, 且产品中相应植物生长调节剂残留量较低, 平均值0.0042~0.0058 mg/kg; 3种植物生长调节剂在市场监测的300个样品中均有检出, 总检出率9.33%, 检出平均值0.034~0.069 mg/kg; 番茄中赤霉酸、2,4-滴和噻苯隆残留的短期膳食摄入量在0.00104~ 0.00658 mg/kg bw/d, 仅占相应每日急性参考剂量的0.60%~7.24%, 急性风险较低。结论 在番茄花期施用赤霉酸、2,4-滴或噻苯隆可显著提高番茄的产量和品质, 且产品中残留量低, 番茄中3种植调剂残留在不同人群中的膳食摄入风险均很低, 在可接受范围内。     

PSA吸附剂GC-MS法测定蔬菜中的8种农药残留

建立同时测定蔬菜中噻虫嗪、甲霜灵、嘧菌环胺、肟菌酯、戊唑醇、氟环唑、联苯肼酯、吡唑醚菌酯8种农药残留的N-丙基乙二胺-气相色谱质谱(N-propylenediamine-gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry,PSA-GGMS)色谱分析方法。样品用乙腈进行超声提取,无水硫酸镁盐析后,提取液经N-丙基乙二胺(N-propylenediamine,PSA)进行分散固相萃取净化,气相色谱质谱(gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry,GC-MS)法进行分析,基质内标法定量。结果表明,8种农药的检出限范围为在0.005 mg/kg~0.018 mg/kg,6次进样相对标准偏差小于5%,回收率范围为76.0%~95.3%。试验证明该方法前处理操作简单,快速,可用于蔬菜中多种农药残留的检测。     

常用消毒灭菌法及其机理与应用

介绍了采用消毒灭菌方法,有加热消毒法,紫外线辐射法和化学药剂消毒法。常用化学药剂有醛类、含氯消毒剂、醇类消毒剂以及高锰酸钾、生石灰等,阐释了消毒与灭菌两个概念的区别。     

Probiotics and prebiotics--perspectives and challenges

Owing to their health benefits, probiotics and prebiotics are nowadays widely used in yogurts and fermented milks, which are leader products of functional foods worldwide. The world market for functional foods has grown rapidly in the last three decades, with an estimated size in 2003 of ca US$ 33 billion, while the European market estimation exceeded US$ 2 billion in the same year. However, the production of probiotics and prebiotics at industrial scale faces several challenges, including the search for economical and abundant raw materials for prebiotic production, the low-cost production of probiotics and the improvement of probiotic viability after storage or during the manufacturing process of the functional food. In this review, functional foods based on probiotics and prebiotics are introduced as a key biotechnological field with tremendous potential for innovation. A concise state of the art addressing the fundamentals and challenges for the development of new probiotic- and prebiotic-based foods is presented, the niches for future research being clearly identified and discussed.     

益生素、益生菌与结肠癌

介绍了益生素和益生菌及其作用机理。在动物模型中，有大量的数据证实益生素和益生菌能够预防癌症．而在人体内还没有直接实验证据。它们抑制癌症的确切机理目前尚不清楚，其抑制机理可能是：肠道菌群代谢活动的改变，肠道理化环境的改变，潜在的致癌物质的黏附和降解，肠道菌群的改变、抗癌或抗诱变物质的形成、提高宿主的免疫应答、影响宿主的生理活动以及发酵不能被消化的食物并形成有益代谢产物。     

毛霉型低盐速成豆豉工业化生产工艺与设备

本文介绍了毛霉型低盐速成豆豉的工业化生产工艺及生产线的关键设备。     

节能节水型印染助剂和设备的现状

从节能、节水、缩短工艺流程和环保的角度出发，介绍了国内外研制开发的一系列新型节能、节水型印染助剂和染整设备。     

European citizen and consumer attitudes and preferences regarding beef and pork

This paper presents the combined mid-term findings of the consumer research components of two EU Sixth Framework Programme integrated projects concerning meat, ProSafeBeef and Q-PorkChains. The consumer pillar of ProSafeBeef carried out eight focus group discussions in May 2008, in France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Q-PorkChains conducted a large-scale, web-based, consumer survey in January 2008 in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece and Poland. The first project provides a set of qualitative data from a small cohort of focus groups and the second a set of quantitative data from a larger consumer sample. This paper draws together the main findings of both projects and provides a comprehensive overview of European citizens’ and consumers’ attitudes towards and preferences regarding beef and pork. In general, consumers consider meat to be a healthy and important component of the diet. Consumers support the development of technologies that can improve the health attributes of meat products and guarantee eating quality, but they have a negative view of what they see to be excessive manipulation and lack of naturalness in the production and processing of beef products. In the Q-PorkChains study consumer and citizen segments are identified and profiled. Consumer segments were built upon the frequency and variety of pork consumption. The citizen segments were built upon their attitudes towards pig production systems. Overall, the relationship between individuals’ views as citizens and their behaviour as consumers was found to be quite weak and did not appear to greatly or systematically influence meat-buying habits. Future studies in both projects will concentrate on consumers’ acceptance of innovative meat product concepts and products, with the aim of boosting consumer trust and invigorating the European beef and pork industries.     

Heritability and correlations for body condition score and dairy form within and across lactation and age

The objectives of the current study were to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and dairy form and changes in genetic parameters for BCS and dairy form within and across lactations and age. Body condition score and dairy form were obtained from the Holstein Association USA, Inc. Records were edited to include those cows classified between 24 and 60 mo of age and between 0 and 335 d in milk (DIM). A minimum of 20 daughters per sire and 15 cows per herd-classification visit were required. The dataset consisted of 135,178 records from 119,215 cows. Repeatability, multiple trait, and random regression models were used to analyze the data. All models included fixed effects for herd-classification visit, age within lactations 1, 2, and 3 or higher, and 5th-order polynomials for DIM. Random effects included sire and permanent environment for all models. Random regression models included age at classification nested within sire or DIM and lactation number nested within sire. Genetic variance for both BCS and dairy form was lowest in early lactation and highest in midlactation. Genetic correlations within and across lactations were high. The genetic correlation between DIM 0 in lactation 1 and DIM 305 in lactation 3 was estimated to be 0.77 for BCS and 0.60 for dairy form. The genetic correlation estimate between 30 mo of age at classification and 50 mo of age at classification was 0.94 for both dairy form and BCS. The repeatability models appeared to generate accurate evaluations for BCS or dairy form at all ages and stages of lactation.     

原花色素及其开发应用

对原花色素的结构、化学特性、制备、分析方法、应用前景作一综述,并重点讨论其生理功能,为在功能性食品、药物、化妆品等领域的深入研究和开发提供参考。     

组学技术与果蔬采后质量和安全控制

果蔬可以提供营养, 有利于人类健康, 而果蔬的后熟及其与环境的相互作用会影响果蔬采后的质量和安全。对果蔬生物学过程的了解和掌握是减少果蔬采后损失和保障果蔬采后质量和安全的关键。在过去的10多年, 基于组学技术的系统生物学在了解果蔬后熟及其与环境相互作用的分子机制方面得到了越来越多的应用。本文对此做了细致的总结, 指出了存在的不足, 并提出了未来的发展方向。     

Dioxins and PCBs in ostrich meat and eggs: levels and implications

ABSTRACT

Although consumption of eggs is an essential part of our diet, limited information is available for table eggs other than those laid by hens. The aim of our study was to determine concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like (DL-) and non-dioxin-like (NDL) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in ostrich eggs and meat available on the Polish market, in order to obtain baseline information on the current status of these pollutants in comparison to poultry products. Obtained data were compared with the binding EU limits set for chicken eggs and meat. The levels of individual PCDD/Fs and PCBs congeners varied considerably. The percentage share of total WHO toxic equivalency factor (WHO-TEQ) content indicates the dominant role of PCDD/Fs. High concentrations of PCDD/F and DL-PCBs, in the range of 0.85–74.48 pg WHO-TEQ g^?1 fat, were found in ostrich eggs; this exceeds the maximum level permitted for chicken eggs by a factor of up to 15. Eight of the 11 egg samples exceeded the action level for hen eggs. Although the ostrich meat concentrations of PCDD/Fs do not exceed the limit established for poultry muscle (1.75 pg g^?1 fat), average contents of PCDD/Fs exceeded almost four times the levels in chicken and turkey muscle. Human exposure was evaluated and the resulting risk was characterised. Taking into account the low average consumption of ostrich eggs, the resulting exposure to dioxins for the general population can be considered as negligibly low. However, the individuals who frequently consume such eggs may be at risk of elevated exposure. Although ostrich products are not consumed frequently, such data are nevertheless useful for food safety purposes.