明矾替代物生产马铃薯淀粉粉丝的研究

传统加工生产粉丝时均加入含铝物质-明矾,铝摄入过量对人体有害。试验采用绿豆淀粉、魔芋粉和复合磷酸盐3种物质替代明矾,并通过测定粉丝的断条率和烹煮损失率分析了替代物对粉丝质量的影响。结果表明,绿豆淀粉对粉丝质量有一定改善作用,添加4%～6%的绿豆淀粉、0.4%～0.6%的魔芋粉和0.4%～0.6%的复合磷酸盐能明显改善无明矾马铃薯淀粉粉丝的品质。正交试验表明,以断条率为指标各因素影响大小次序是B>C>A;以烹煮损失率为指标各因素影响大小次序是A>C>B,结合试验结果、生产工艺和产品经济效益,以A1B2C3为最佳组合。断条率为6.7%;烹煮损失率为7.2%。其品质接近或超过传统添加明矾的粉丝。     

无矾红薯粉丝品质改进

甘薯淀粉不溶性直链淀粉含量较低(14%),使得其制得的粉丝有易断条糊汤的问题。因此在以甘薯淀粉为主要原料生产粉丝的过程中,经常加入明矾(十二水合硫酸铝钾)以增加其韧性和耐煮性。以90%甘薯淀粉+10%木薯淀粉为主要原料,选择羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯、蜡质马铃薯淀粉、沙蒿胶为明矾替代物。通过单因素实验和正交实验测定混合粉的RVA参数;采用物性仪测定粉丝的拉伸性;并进行感官评价和短条率分析,研究发现原料粉中加入羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯(5%)、蜡质马铃薯淀粉(3%)、沙蒿胶(0.50%),可明显提高红薯粉丝的品质,显著改善其断条糊汤状况,使无矾红薯粉丝在感官评价中可接受性显著提高。     

五种食品添加剂对马铃薯粉丝品质特性的影响

试验采用单因素试验,研究了五种食品添加剂对马铃薯淀粉糊化温度、回生热焓值、马铃薯粉丝断条率、剪切应力和弹性系数的影响.试验结果表明:五种食品添加剂在不同程度上对马铃薯淀粉糊化温度和回生热焓值都有所影响,其中复合磷酸盐和聚丙烯酸钠同明矾一样可以提高马铃薯淀粉糊化温度,黄原胶和复合磷酸盐同明矾一样有助于淀粉的回生.五种食品添加剂的加入都可以降低马铃薯粉丝的断条率,提高粉丝的剪切应力和弹性系数;其中黄原胶对马铃薯粉丝断条率的影响最接近添加明矾,聚丙烯酸钠对马铃薯粉丝剪切应力的影响最接近明矾,CMC对马铃薯粉丝弹性系数的影响最接近明矾.     

复合食品胶对无矾小麦淀粉粉条的品质影响

为了改善无矾小麦淀粉粉条的品质,通过单因素和正交试验,就黄原胶、瓜尔胶、魔芋胶、聚丙烯酸钠等几种食品胶对无矾粉条的断条率、糊汤透光率和感官评分进行了探究。结果表明:黄原胶、瓜尔胶与聚丙烯酸钠复合使用,所得无矾粉条的感官评分最高,且粉条的韧性和耐煮性增强,断条率最低,粉条爽滑、硬度适中、不易糊汤,最佳添加量为黄原胶与瓜尔胶(7∶3)0.3%,聚丙烯酸钠0.6%。     

增稠剂对山药-豌豆粉丝感官品质和烹煮特性的影响

以无架双胞山药全粉和豌豆淀粉为原料制作复合粉丝,研究黄原胶和海藻酸钠2种增稠剂及其用量对粉丝感官品质和烹煮特性的影响。结果发现,与无增稠剂的对照相比,黄原胶和海藻酸钠均显著提高粉丝感官品质,且黄原胶比海藻酸钠更能提高粉丝感官品质、烹煮前后的粗度差及熟煮损失。黄原胶和海藻酸钠添加量分别为0.2%和0.4%时,粉丝的感官品质最高,断条率、膨胀系数和糊汤度最低,且有适宜的硬度。因此,黄原胶和海藻酸钠的加入显著改善无架双胞山药-豌豆复合粉丝的感官品质和烹煮特性,且黄原胶比海藻酸钠更能提高粉丝感官品质,但对淀粉原料的黏结程度弱于海藻酸钠。0.2%黄原胶或0.4%海藻酸钠为适宜添加量,用其制作出的粉丝感官品质和耐煮性均达到最佳。     

几种食用胶对小麦淀粉粉丝品质的影响

以小麦淀粉粉丝的断条率、蒸煮损失率及品质综合评价值为指标,分别研究了沙蒿胶、魔芋胶、黄原胶、瓜尔豆胶、卡拉胶、羧甲基纤维素钠对小麦淀粉粉丝品质的影响。结果表明:在降低小麦淀粉粉丝断条率方面,以瓜尔豆胶的效果最好,当添加量为0.5%时,断条率降低72.95%,以黄原胶的效果最差;在降低小麦淀粉粉丝蒸煮损失率方面,以魔芋胶的效果最好,当添加量为0.5%时,蒸煮损失率降低33.14%,以黄原胶的效果最差;在提高小麦淀粉粉丝品质综合评价值方面,以瓜尔豆胶的效果最好,以黄原胶的效果最差,按其提高幅度的大小排列,依次为瓜尔豆胶111.43%、沙蒿胶86.48%、魔芋胶82.47%、羧甲基纤维素钠72.88%、卡拉胶41.19%、黄原胶14.24%。由此表明,瓜尔豆胶、沙蒿胶、魔芋胶和羧甲基纤维素钠对小麦淀粉粉丝的品质都有较好的改善作用。     

无明矾马铃薯粉丝制作工艺及其性能的研究

以β-葡聚糖、CaCl2、KCl、葡萄糖酸内酯(GDL)的混合凝固剂来替代明矾测定粉丝的断条率和糊汤情况,通过正交试验得出最佳配方比为:β-葡聚糖、CaCl2、KCL、GDL质量分数为0.16%,0.14%,1.8%,1.2%,熟化时间5 min,温度为92℃,这种复合凝胶剂改善了马铃薯粉丝的感官、断条率、烹煮损失率等...     

磷酸盐对甘薯粉丝品质的改进

盐可以改变和改善淀粉糊及粉丝的品质,其中磷酸盐是一种强碱弱酸盐,其水溶液呈碱性,可增加淀粉的黏度值,能加速淀粉回生形成凝胶,使粉条蒸煮后坚实增进粉条的口感。实验研究了在甘薯淀粉中加入盐后的影响,将不同量的4种盐硫酸钾(K2SO4)、多聚磷酸钠、焦磷酸钠(Na4P2O7)、焦磷酸钾(K4P2O7)添加到甘薯淀粉中,采用RVA快速黏度分析仪分析了每种磷酸盐淀粉糊的特性,并制作粉条分别测定其断条率,进行感官评价,采用质构仪分析样品的力学特性。结果表明:4种磷酸盐的添加量在0.3%时粉条的感官品质较好。     

四种多糖代替明矾改善红薯粉的品质特性

以阿拉伯胶、海藻酸钠、黄原胶、果胶四种天然多糖代替传统红薯粉生产中的明矾,研究了4种添加剂对红薯粉品质的影响。以添加剂种类为因素,添加剂量为水平,通过单因素和复配实验对红薯粉相关品质进行了测试。实验表明4种多糖对红薯粉品质有着不同的影响,其中阿拉伯胶对样品断条率影响较大,当阿拉伯胶添加量为0.1%时,样品断条率最低,为23.51%;海藻酸钠主要影响红薯淀粉流变性质,当添加水平为0.5%时,相应的应力、黏度和法向应力分别为76.97 Pa、3.85 Pa?s、-12.53 Pa;黄原胶对红薯粉的硬度性影响较大,当添加水平为0.2%时,其硬度达到18.83 N;果胶主要影响样品的内聚性、咀嚼性,当添加水平为0.3%和0.1%时,样品的内聚性和咀嚼性分别达到0.70 Ratio和20.51 mJ;而使用0.1%阿拉伯胶、0.4%海藻酸钠、0.4%黄原胶、0.3%果胶与0.2%阿拉伯胶、0.3%海藻酸钠、0.4%黄原胶、0.1%果胶复配而成的复合添加剂,其样品拉伸力分别达到0.60 N、0.62 N,断条率分别为23.25%、24.66%,能够显著提升红薯粉的各项性质,改善红薯粉的品质。结果表明可以通过天然多糖复配的方法有效替代红薯粉上产中有害的明矾。     

鲜湿马铃薯粉条中明矾替代物的筛选研究

为筛选鲜湿粉条生产中适宜的明矾替代物,本研究以马铃薯淀粉为主要原料,采用挤压工艺加工鲜湿粉条,研究了8种添加剂对马铃薯淀粉凝胶特性、凝沉性和膨胀度的影响,并与钾明矾做对比,进而选择较优添加剂用以替代明矾,通过单因素与正交实验考察明矾替代物对粉条断条率和浑汤透光率的影响。结果表明：琼脂、卡拉胶和海藻酸钠可作为传统鲜湿马铃薯粉条加工中的明矾替代物,且当琼脂添加量为0.6%,卡拉胶添加量为0.4%,海藻酸钠添加量为0.8%时,生产所得粉条断条率为0%,浑汤透光率为93.20%,且感官评分与质构特性均接近于添加0.527%钾明矾的粉条。本研究结果为无明矾鲜湿马铃薯粉条的生产加工提供新的数据支撑。     

无矾红薯粉丝的研制及加工工艺

将合成的红薯淀粉磷酸酯与魔芋粉及复合磷酸盐复配,以不同比例加入红薯淀粉中,在不同的条件下生产无矾粉丝。结果表明:当红薯淀粉磷酸酯的加入量为6%;m(魔芋粉)∶m(复合磷酸盐)=2∶3,加入量为1%;搅拌机匀浆,在冷冻条件开粉;干燥温度45℃、干燥时间为3h时生产出的粉丝在断条率和烹煮损失率方面都优于加矾粉丝。     

瓜尔豆胶和黄原胶对淀粉理化性质的影响

为改善淀粉的加工品质特性,以玉米淀粉和甘薯淀粉为研究对象,将瓜尔豆胶和黄原胶分别以不同比例(0.1%~0.5%)与淀粉进行复配,系统研究亲水胶体对淀粉理化特性等的影响。结果表明,添加亲水胶体后,随着胶体浓度的增加,复配体系的透光率逐渐下降,凝沉稳定性增大,膨胀度增大,淀粉胶体的硬度下降。RVA分析表明,加入亲水胶体使复配体系的糊化温度升高,峰值黏度、崩解值和终值黏度增加,而甘薯淀粉-黄原胶混合体系的峰值黏度显著降低。     

Utilization of rice starch with gums in Asian starch noodle preparation as substitute for sweet potato starch

Starch noodles were produced using a medium grain rice starch in the presence of various gums, and physical properties of the noodles were compared with sweet potato starch noodle. Pasting viscosity of the rice starch was lower than that of sweet potato starch (830 vs. 1,618 cp as peak viscosity). The peak viscosity, however, was increased by the addition of gums (0.1% based on dispersion), and especially xanthan was the most effective in increasing the peak viscosity (1,478 cp). The cooking loss for the rice starch noodles (1.5 mg/mL), greater than that for the sweet potato starch noodle (0.2 mg/mL), was effectively reduced to 0.8 and 0.9 mg/mL, respectively, by the addition of locust bean gum (LBG) and curdlan. The addition of LBG or gellen gum also increased the hardness of the rice noodles. Aging (extended retrogradation) the noodles was effective in reducing the cooking loss and improving the textural properties of the rice starch noodles. The combination of the gum addition (like LBG) and aging of the rice starch noodle might be useful for utilizing rice starch as a substitute for sweet potato starch in Asian noodle preparation.     

响应面结合主成分分析优化面片配方

为开发方便汤饭产品,以小麦粉为原料,以质构（延展性、硬度、咀嚼性）与蒸煮特性（蒸煮损失率、复水时间）为评价指标进行单因素实验,探究4种改良剂（三聚磷酸盐、黄原胶、谷朊粉、马铃薯变性淀粉）添加量对面片的品质影响。在此基础上,采用响应面结合主成分分析法优化面片配方。结果表明:以小麦粉为主要原料,改良剂添加量为谷朊粉1.4%,三聚磷酸盐0.3%,黄原胶0.3%,马铃薯变性淀粉10%。在此工艺条件下,面片延展性（69.81±8.73）g·s、硬度（766.94±58.90）g、咀嚼性（3227.44±263.14）g·s、蒸煮损失率（1.95%±0.03%）、复水时间（350±7.51）s,与理论值基本一致,说明模型的拟合程度较好,此配方能作为汤饭产品生产中方便面片的配方。     

QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF CORN NOODLES CONTAINING GELATINIZED STARCH, TRANSGLUTAMINASE AND GUM

ABSTRACT

Effects of gelatinized corn flour addition level (40, 60 and 80%), gum (locust bean gum or xanthan gum, 3%) and/or transglutaminase (TG, 0.5%) on quality characteristics of corn noodle were investigated. Gelatinized corn flour was used as a binder for remaining untreated corn flour (60, 40 and 20%). Corn noodles were evaluated in terms of cooking properties (cooking loss, total organic matter (TOM), water absorption, swelling volume and maximum force), color, sensory and pasting properties. Noodle sample containing gelatinized corn flour at level of 80% exhibited best cooking and sensory properties. Gum and/or TG were added to this noodle formula. Gum improved noodle quality in terms of some cooking properties. Improving effect of xanthan gum was more obvious. Covalent crosslinks catalyzed by TG caused significantly lower cooking loss and TOM values. Gums generally caused increases in Rapid ViscoAnalyzer viscosity values of noodles. Gum and/or TG show great promise in processing of gluten‐free corn noodle.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Celiac disease occurs in about one in 300 people in Europe. Lack of gluten in cereals that are safe for gluten‐free food causes major problems in dough processing and product quality. Technological difficulties in production and lack of awareness of number of celiac patients in need of gluten‐free products might restrict researches related to gluten‐free food. In recent years, various approaches to overcome the technological problems are arising. Searching for ingredients that have ability to mimic properties of gluten in production of gluten‐free food is the most common approach. We report herein beneficial effects of gelatinization, gum (locust bean gum, xanthan gum) and/or transglutaminase (TG) in gluten‐free corn noodle production. They have major improving effects in noodle quality and show great promise as a processing aid in bulk manufacture of gluten‐free corn noodle. To the best of our knowledge, there is no study investigating utilization of TG in gluten‐free corn noodles.     

添加剂对速冻水饺品质的影响

速冻水饺常常出现冻裂、蒸煮后韧性差、耐煮性差等品质问题,通常采用添加改良剂的方法改善品质.研究了抗坏血酸(VC)、马铃薯淀粉、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)、蔗糖脂肪酸酯(SE)、黄原胶、分子蒸馏单甘酯和复合磷酸盐对速冻水饺冻裂率及蒸煮品质的影响,结果表明添加量为0.15%的黄原胶的抗冻裂效果最好,羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)和黄原胶的使用可以有效提高速冻水饺的蒸煮品质.     

Improving the quality of meat‐free sausages using κ‐carrageenan,konjac mannan and xanthan gum

High consumption of processed red meat can cause health issues. Therefore, production of high‐quality meat‐free food alternatives is necessary. The main objective of this study was to use hydrocolloids including κ‐carrageenan, konjac mannan and xanthan gum at 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0 and 1.5% w/w to improve the quality of meat‐free sausages formulated by soy protein isolated, texturised soy protein, corn starch, vegetable oil and spices. With the addition of the tested hydrocolloids, the lightness of the sausages improved. κ‐Carrageenan and konjac mannan significantly improved the water‐holding capacity and texture and reduced the cooking loss of the samples, while xanthan gum showed no considerable effect on these parameters. Konjac mannan and κ‐carrageenan (up to 0.6%) improved the general acceptability of the sausages, while inclusion of xanthan gum made no significant difference. Unlike xanthan gum, κ‐carrageenan followed by konjac mannan was highly successful in improving the overall quality of meat‐free sausages.     

无矾马铃薯粉丝改良剂的研究

以马铃薯淀粉为原料制作粉丝,采用正交试验回归分析研究黄原胶、魔芋粉、刺槐胶、蔗糖酯和复合磷酸盐对马铃薯粉丝质构特性的影响。结果表明:马铃薯无矾粉丝改良剂最佳配方为黄原胶0.125%、魔芋粉0.250%、刺槐胶0.300%、蔗糖酯0.025%、复合磷酸盐0.050%。在该条件下,粉丝质构品质最佳。