非肌肉蛋白对未漂洗革胡子鲶鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

为进一步提高未经漂洗革胡子鲶鱼(Clarias gariepinus,CG)鱼糜的凝胶特性,本试验在CG鱼糜中添加0.4%转谷氨酰胺酶和20 mmol/kg CaCl₂基础上(CK组),再依次添加不同浓度的大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolation,SPI)、蛋清蛋白(egg white protein,EWP)和浓缩乳清蛋白(whey protein concentrate,WPC),SPI添加量分别为CG鱼糜肉重的2%(SPIL)、5%(SPIM)和7%(SPIH),EWP添加量分别记为EWPL(0.1%)、EWPM(0.3%)和EWPH(0.5%),WPC记为WPCL(0.2%)、WPCM(0.4%)和WPCH(0.6%),共制备出10组CG鱼糜凝胶。研究非肌肉蛋白对CG鱼糜的凝胶特性、色泽、持水力、动态流变学性质和微观结构等品质特性的影响。结果表明:整体上非肌肉蛋白的添加会提高CG鱼糜的凝胶特性和TGase活力。其中,SPIL、EWPH和WPCL三组的CG鱼糜凝胶表现出较好的凝胶强度,依次为3322.46、3555.90和4149.31 g·mm,并且网络结构较其他组更紧密、均匀;EWP和WPC的三种添加浓度均会提高CG鱼糜凝胶的白度值;SPI均可使CG鱼糜凝胶的T₂₂向弛豫时间短的方向迁移,其中SPIH组的凝胶持水性(86.64%)最高。动态流变结果表明,三种非肌肉蛋白的添加对CG鱼糜的弹性模量G'和损耗模量G″均产生显著影响,SPIH组、EWPM组和WPCL组为组内最高值。综上分析,在CG鱼糜凝胶中分别添加鱼糜总量的2% SPI、0.5% EWP、0.2% WPC,可显著提高CG鱼糜的凝胶特性。     

3 种非肌肉蛋白对竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

采用质构分析法、扫描电镜法以及TCA- 可溶肽的测定方法研究大豆分离蛋白(SPI)、谷朊粉(GP)和花生浓缩蛋白(PPC)对竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。结果表明：SPI 添加量超过1g/100g 鱼糜时,对竹荚鱼鱼糜蛋白的降解有抑制作用;GP 和PPC 添加量超过1g/100g 鱼糜时对抑制竹荚鱼鱼糜蛋白降解的影响较小,其降解抑制率均低于10%。添加GP 和SPI 能提高竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶的破断强度、凹陷度和凝胶强度,GP 和SPI 添加量分别在10g/100g 鱼糜和5g/100g 鱼糜时,竹荚鱼鱼糜的凝胶特性达到最大值。不同添加量的PPC 均降低了竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶的破断强度、凹陷度和凝胶强度。添加GP、SPI 和PPC 均降低了竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶的白度。添加GP 和SPI 能提高竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶的持水性,但添加PPC 降低了竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶的持水性。     

不同食用蛋白的添加对鲤鱼鱼糜流变和凝胶特性的影响

目的:研究大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolated,SPI)、乳清分离蛋白(whey protein isolate,WPI)、花生分离蛋白(peanut protein isolate,PPI)的添加对鲤鱼鱼糜流变和凝胶性质的影响。方法:利用流变仪、质构仪、色差计等对添加不同蛋白鱼糜的弹性模量、黏性模量、凝胶强度、破断强度、凹陷深度、持水性以及白度进行测定,并采用相关性分析法研究各指标之间的相互关系。结果:不同添加量的SPI、WPI和PPI均能有效地改善鱼糜的弹性模量、黏性模量、破断强度、凝胶强度和持水性,但会降低破断深度和白度,但各测定指标间存在显著相关(p<0.05)。SPI和PPI的添加对鱼糜的流变性、破断强度、凝胶强度的提高效果更好,添加量为8%时,鱼糜的凝胶强度均达到最大值,其中SPI组可达3806.70 g·mm,比对照组增加了34.63%;WPI对鱼糜的保水性效果最好,添加量为8%时,失水率仅为12.6%;白度随着蛋白添加量的增加而降低,其中PPI组与WPI组引起的白度降低较少,且差异不显著(p>0.05)。结论:在实际鱼糜制品的生产中,应根据产品的特征选择适合的蛋白种类和合理的添加量,来提高鱼糜制品的品质。     

亚麻粕分离蛋白对鱼糜制品品质特性的影响

以大豆蛋白(SPI)、谷朊粉(WG)为对照品,研究亚麻粕分离蛋白(FPI)对鱼糜制品凝胶特性、色泽特性和持水性的影响,应用响应面法探索亚麻粕分离蛋白(FPI)、亚麻胶(FG)、卡拉胶(KCG)复合应用于鱼糜制品的最优添加配比。结果表明:向鱼糜制品中单独添加FPI可提高鱼糜的凝胶强度、持水性;响应面分析得到添加FPI 11.01%、FG 0.34%、KCG 0.30%,鱼糜的凝胶强度为4 935.03 g·mm,是对照组的1.57倍。     

乳清浓缩蛋白对竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶化和凝胶劣化的影响

采用质构分析法、扫描电子显微镜等方法研究乳清浓缩蛋白对竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶劣化的抑制作用。结果表明：添加乳清浓缩蛋白(WPC)能显著改善竹荚鱼鱼糜在30℃凝胶化时的凝胶特性,并且添加量为5%(质量分数),加热时间为5h时,竹荚鱼鱼糜的凝胶特性最佳;添加WPC能显著抑制竹荚鱼鱼糜在50℃凝胶劣化现象,WPC的添加量为5%时,抑制效果显著,添加量为10%时,抑制效果最佳;WPC的添加量低于0.5%时,对竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶色泽的影响不明显;添加量超过1%时,竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶的白度显著降低。微观结构的观察表明,添加WPC使鱼糜凝胶的结构变得更加致密,因而能增强竹荚鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度。     

四种非肌肉蛋白对冷冻竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶能力的影响研究

探讨了四种常用的非肌肉蛋白对竹荚鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响,对不同鱼糜加热过程中凝胶强度、持水力、白度、SDS-PAGE电泳图谱以及微观结构的变化进行比较。实验结果表明,血浆蛋白对冷冻竹荚鱼的蛋白酶有很强的抑制效果,最佳添加量为1%。卵清蛋白及乳清蛋白在5%高浓度时其凝胶增强效果与1%的血浆蛋白添加效果近似,大豆蛋白的效果较差,四种蛋白对鱼糜白度、持水力影响不大。非肌肉蛋白应用于竹荚鱼鱼糜的品质改善中,对凝胶劣化有一定的抑制,这对竹荚鱼鱼糜的品质控制具有一定意义。     

淀粉和蛋白类添加物对鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响

通过分析凝胶强度、白度、持水性等指标,研究淀粉类和非肌肉蛋白类添加剂对鱿鱼鱼糜凝胶特性的影响。结果表明,红薯淀粉、玉米淀粉、木薯淀粉和马铃薯淀粉均可提高鱿鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度,分别提高了49.08%,20.77%,26.46%,30.16%;4种淀粉均可提高持水性,其中红薯淀粉效果较好,为79.10%;添加淀粉后虽会导致白度有不同程度的降低,但差异不显著。非肌肉蛋白的添加使鱿鱼鱼糜组织结构更加紧密;除乳清蛋白外,大豆分离蛋白、大豆浓缩蛋白和蛋清蛋白均可提高鱿鱼鱼糜的凝胶强度,分别提高了39.03%,29.30%,35.82%。综合指标分析表明淀粉类及大部分蛋白质类添加物可以改善鱿鱼鱼糜的凝胶特性。     

羊血浆蛋白对高温杀菌鱼糜制品凝胶特性的影响

为改善高温杀菌鱼糜制品的品质,研究羊血浆蛋白对121℃处理鱼糜制品凝胶特性的影响。以白鲢鱼糜为原料,测定羊血浆蛋白的添加对鱼糜凝胶质构特性、凝胶强度、持水性、折叠性、白度和流变特性的影响,并通过测定分子间作用力和溶解率的变化探究其影响机制。结果表明,与对照组相比,随着羊血浆蛋白的添加,高温处理鱼糜制品的硬度、弹性、胶粘性和咀嚼性显著增大(P<0.05),持水性显著增强(P<0.05),折叠性能增强,白度降低。当添加量为2%时,鱼糜制品的凝胶强度增加了92.88%。分子间作用力和溶解率分析显示,添加羊血浆蛋白能够提高体系氢键和非二硫共价键含量,从而改善高温处理鱼糜制品凝胶品质。     

蛋白质类添加物在鱼糜制品中的应用现状及发展趋势

鱼糜制品是一类以鱼糜为原料,经擂溃、成型、凝胶化等过程制成的凝胶状食品。凝胶特性是评价鱼糜品质的重要指标,它直接关系到鱼糜制品的持水性、弹性、黏结性等组织特性。蛋白质是生产过程中常用的一种外源物,其添加可以增强鱼糜制品的品质,降低生产成本。在阐述肌原纤维蛋白的分子组成和凝胶机制的基础上,介绍肌肉蛋白和非肌肉蛋白(酶类蛋白、植物性蛋白和动物蛋白)在鱼糜制品中的应用现状及发展趋势,旨在为各种蛋白质类物质作为鱼糜凝胶增强剂提供参考。     

不同外源蛋白对小龙虾丸品质的影响

研究小麦面筋蛋白（wheat gluten proteins,WG）、大豆分离蛋白（soybean protein isolate,SPI）和花生分离蛋白（peanut protein isolate,PPI）的添加对小龙虾丸品质的影响。利用质构仪、色差计、低场核磁共振仪等对添加3 种不同外源蛋白小龙虾丸的感官评分、凝胶特性、持水性、蒸煮损失率、白度和横向弛豫时间T2进行测定,并用Pearson法对各指标进行相关性分析。结果表明：不同添加量的3 种非肌肉蛋白均能够改善小龙虾丸凝胶特性,提高保水性,降低蒸煮损失率,改善小龙虾丸内部空间三维网络结构,降低白度,各指标之间相关性显著（P＜0.05）;相比于SPI和PPI,添加WG对小龙虾丸品质的改善最为明显,WG添加量为6%时,小龙虾丸的凝胶强度、保水性比对照组分别增加64.8%和11.3%;小龙虾丸白度随着外源蛋白添加量的增加而降低,其中WG能有效降低对小龙虾丸白度的影响,与SPI和PPI组差异显著（P＜0.05）;PPI添加量2%时,小龙虾丸感官评分和凝胶特性优于WG和SPI组。整体而言,选用添加量6%的WG更能有效提高小龙虾丸品质及消费者可接受度。     

Heat-induced Gelation Properties of Salt-Soluble Muscle Proteins as Affected by Non-Meat Proteins

Addition of whey protein concentrate (WPC), whey protein isolate (WPI) or soy protein isolate (SPI) to salt-soluble muscle proteins (SSP) decreased the gel strength. WPI:SSP gels had higher water-holding capacity than SSP, SSP:WPC or SSP:SPI gels. Myosin heavy chain was a principal contributor to gel network formation in SSP, SSP:WPC, SSP:WPI and SSP:SPI systems. The characteristic fibrous network formed by SSP was the dominant feature of the microstructure of SSP:WPC and SSP:WPI gels. SSP:SPI gels had a more aggregated appearance due to the occurrence of clusters of SPI throughout the gel matrix.     

Preparation and evaluation of protein-based fat substitute on the stuffing properties of Chinese Dumpling

In the present study, a fat substitute with the protein complex of soy protein isolate (SPI) and egg white protein (EWP) was prepared. The suitable gel formation temperature was 95 °C; the gel formation temperature was found to increase with pH. The gel system with the lowest hardness and easiest microparticulation was identified at the optimal concentration of the protein blend (9.09%). Taking the water holding capacity (WHC), texture and rheological properties into account, the optimal proportion of SPI and EWP was 1:1 (w/w). The average size of the protein particles was 4.53 μm under the microparticulation condition of 10 000 rad min⁻¹ for 3 min. The application of the microparticulate protein blend as a fat analogue in dumpling stuffing was studied and evaluated by sensory analysis, texture analysis, and chroma analysis. The best substitution ratio of the fat analogue was 5%. The fat substitute prepared in this study could be a candidate for healthy food.     

EPA、DHA的微胶囊化:壁材的筛选

以产品的产率、效率和贮存稳定性 (包括产品的抗氧化性和心材的持留率 )为评定指标 ,选用多种蛋白质 ,如明胶 (GEL)、浓缩乳清蛋白 (WPC)、大豆分离蛋白 (SPI)、大豆水解蛋白 (SPH)和酪蛋白酸钠 (CAS)等 ,作为 EPA、DHA微胶囊化壁材 ,并进行了比较。结果表明 :SPI作为壁材制得的微胶囊产品具有较高的产率和效率 ,但其贮存稳定性很差 ;而 GEL、SPH(DH8)和 WPC 3种壁材制得的产品具有较好的贮存稳定性 ,其中又以 GEL为最佳。     

Rheological and structural characterization of gels from whey protein hydrolysates/locust bean gum mixed systems

The gelling ability of whey proteins can be changed by limited hydrolysis and by the addition of other components such as polysaccharides. In this work the effect of the concentration of locust bean gum (LBG) on the heat-set gelation of aqueous whey protein hydrolysates (10% w/w) from pepsin and trypsin was assessed at pH 7.0. Whey protein concentrate (WPC) mild hydrolysis (up to 2.5% in the case of pepsin and 1.0% in the case of trypsin) ameliorates the gelling ability. The WPC synergism with LBG is affected by the protein hydrolysis. For a WPC concentration of 10% (w/w), no maximum value was found in the G′ dependence on LBG content in the case of the hydrolysates, unlike the intact WPC. However, for higher protein concentrations, the behaviour of gels from whey proteins or whey protein hydrolysates towards the presence of LBG becomes very similar. In this case, a small amount of LBG in the presence of salt leads to a big enhancement in the gel strength. Further increases in the LBG concentration led to a decrease in the gel strength.     

大豆分离蛋白对肌原纤维蛋白加热过程中结构及流变特性的影响

大豆分离蛋白（soybean protein isolate,SPI）作为优质的植物蛋白常被用于肉制品加工中,以提高产品产量和质地。研究添加SPI对肌原纤维蛋白（myofibrillar protein,MP）凝胶特性及MP加热过程中结构和流变特性的影响。结果表明：添加10%、20% SPI能提升混合凝胶的凝胶强度及保水性（P＜0.05）;加热过程中混合蛋白凝胶二级结构发生改变,但其变化规律尚不明确;添加SPI使混合凝胶储能模量及损耗模量下降;混合凝胶上清液十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱显示,肌球蛋白重链、肌动蛋白、SPI部分亚基均是参与凝胶形成的蛋白质。     

魔芋葡甘聚糖与大豆分离蛋白复合凝胶作用研究

以魔芋葡甘聚糖(KG)与大豆分离蛋白(SPI)作为基材,系统研究两者间的复合凝胶作用保持SPI为2.0％,复合凝胶随KG浓度从0.8％增至2.5％,凝胶强度不断上升;凝胶失水率直线下降;凝胶松弛度也逐渐下降;而粘着性则在KG浓度为1.5％时达最大值。在SPI为0—3.0％范围内,随SPI的增加,复合凝胶粘着性和失水率皆逐渐上升;在6.0％范围内,凝胶松弛度变化较小,此后迅速上升;而凝胶强度则随SPI增加光增强,当SPI为2.0％时达最大值,此后逐渐下降。KG的添加,对复合凝胶颜色无明显影响,凝胶保持浅黄色;而随SPI的添加,凝胶则逐渐由乳白色转为浅黄色、黄色,当SPI>3.0％后,凝胶褐色逐渐加深。根据氯化钠和脲对复合凝胶强度的影响,推断复合凝胶中以氢键作用为主。     

Roles of soluble and insoluble aggregates induced by soy protein processing in the gelation of myofibrillar protein

The role of soluble and insoluble aggregates induced by soy protein isolate (SPI) processing in the gelling properties of myofibrillar protein (MP) was studied. Incorporating soluble SPI aggregate could greatly improve (P < 0.05) the elastic modulus (G’) and water‐holding capacity (WHC) of MP gel, but had no notable effect on MP gel strength. In contrast, incorporating the insoluble SPI aggregate significantly enhanced the G’, strength and WHC of MP gel, although the improvement in WHC was smaller than that produced by the soluble aggregate. The results of environmental scanning electron microscopy showed that the soluble SPI aggregate induced a less randomly composite gel structure, which may explain its notable enhancement of WHC. However, the insoluble SPI aggregate appeared to be granules embedded in the continuous MP gel matrix, which may be related to the reinforcement of gel strength. Hence, the results of this study suggest further means of processing commercial SPI for use in meat products.